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1) identify the false statement regarding sensory receptor cells. a) threshold is the minimal stimulus intensity required to generate an action potential. b) sensory transduction converts stimulus energy into a receptor potential. c) each type of sensory receptor responds only […]

1) ________ hearing loss occurs because of damage to the structure of the inner ear. 2) carrier proteins operating at their maximum rate are said to be ________. answer: saturated 3) by binding to the ca2+ channel proteins, drugs known […]

1) how many grams of nacl, m.w. 58.5 daltons, are necessary to make 1 liter of 5% saline? a) 58.5 b) 1 c) 50 d) 6.02 1023 e) 2.9 2) the portions of a neuron that extend off of the […]

1) a ________ is a single energy packet of visible light. 2) define the term transport maximum and describe a way cells can increase their transport capacity. answer: the transport maximum occurs when all carrier binding sites are filled with […]

1) increasing muscle mass and decreasing fat content in your body can increase resting metabolism. why is this? a) because doing so requires exercise and exercising burns calories b) because muscle cells have more mitochondria than fat cells, allowing for […]

1) in multiple sclerosis, there is progressive and intermittent damage to the myelin sheath of central axons. one symptom is poor motor control of the affected area. why does destruction of the myelin sheath affect motor control? 2) simple reflexes […]

1) match the term with its description: a. threshold b. effector c. integrating center d. setpoint e. sensory receptor the desired target value for a parameter 2) during the fasting state, the energy stores of the ________ become the major […]

1) explain the differences between channel proteins and carrier proteins and why cells need both. 2) the study of hormones is known as the field of ________. answer: endocrinology 3) two methods of protein activation include ________ and ________. answer: […]

1) when the baroreceptor reflex is triggered by a decline in blood pressure, a) sympathetic activity increases. b) cardiac output increases. c) peripheral resistance decreases. d) sympathetic activity increases and cardiac output increases. e) sympathetic activity increases, cardiac output increases, […]

1) to maintain ________, the body uses a combination of simple diffusion across small distances; wide spread distribution of molecules through the circulatory system and rapid, specific delivery of messages by the nervous system. 2) the high ________ osmolarity allows […]

1) redistribution of blood flow during exercise results from a) vasodilation only. b) vasoconstriction only. c) vasodilation in skeletal muscle and vasoconstriction in viscera. d) vasoconstriction in skeletal muscle and vasodilation in viscera. 2) which of the following cells is […]

1) ________ is the loss of accommodation that occurs with age due to a loss of lens elasticity. 2) map the following terms: blood distribution, blood volume, cardiac output, diameter of the arterioles, diameter of the veins, fluid intake, fluid […]

1) the force for glomerular filtration is the a) blood pressure in the glomerular capillaries. b) osmotic pressure in the glomerular capillaries. c) fluid pressure produced by the displacement of the fluid in the lumen of the tubules. d) atp-dependent […]

1) match the condition with its description. a. giantism b. kyphosis c. moon face d. myxedema e. goiter easily observable symptom of hypercortisolism 2) phasic receptors a) are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity. b) slowly decrease the […]

1) match the structure to its function. a. mouth b. stomach c. rectum d. small intestine e. large intestine protein digestion is completed here. 2) the qrs complex of an ecg corresponds to a) the depolarization of the atria. b) […]

1) explain how ca2+ levels inside myocardial cells are important to cell function. 2) both alpha-bungarotoxin and curare bind to the same neurotransmitter receptor, but only curare binds reversibly. which receptor is involved? list some locations for this receptor. would […]

1) nervous tissue consists of two general types of cells: nerve cells and glial cells. glial cells are mitotic, whereas neural cells are not (excluding the small population of stem cells). which type of cell is most likely to be […]

1) match the type of signal to its description (answers may be used more than once). a. graded potential b. action potential c. both require(s) a minimum stimulus to occur 2) classify each scenario below as to primarily which type […]

1) crossover effects are sometimes seen among a) most hormones. b) all hormones. c) peptide/protein hormones. d) steroid hormones. 2) match the terms to changes presented, assuming a resting membrane potential of -70 mv. answers may be used once, more […]

1) stretch-sensitive mechanoreceptors known as ________ are located in some artery walls. a) nociceptors b) chemoreceptors c) baroreceptors d) elasticeptors 2) which of the following is/are vasoconstrictors? a) platelet-activating factor b) serotonin c) adenosine diphosphate d) thromboxane a2 e) serotonin […]

1) cholinergic muscarinic receptors are found at the ________ in the ans. 2) list and explain the three types of substances transported by the blood. what is the source of each type? answer: nutrients, water, and gases from the external […]

1) neural control of gfr is mediated by ________ that innervate ________ receptors on vascular smooth muscle causing ________. 2) before nitric oxide was identified, its action was observed in ________ and it was given the name ________. answer: endothelial […]

1) exercise hyperventilation results from signals from a) muscle and joint mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors only. b) the carotid body chemoreceptors only. c) activating pulmonary stretch receptors only. d) muscle and joint mechanoreceptors and proprioceptors and from the carotid body chemoreceptors. […]

1) a flagellum moves a cell through a fluid medium. what moves the fluid medium across the surface of cells that are not free to move? a) centrioles b) thick filaments c) cilia d) ribosomes e) endoplasmic reticulum 2) the […]

1) which bases below are purines? 1. adenine 2. cytosine 3. guanine 4. thymine 5. uracil a) 1 and 2 b) 2 and 3 c) 1, 3, and 5 d) 1 and 3 e) 2, 4, and 5 2) the […]

1) match the condition with the description. a. acromegaly b. adrenogenital syndrome c. cretinism d. dwarfism e. exophthalmus caused by growth hormone deficiency in childhood 2) which of these has a higher concentration in cerebrospinal fluid than in the blood? […]

1) which of these does not increase the risk for cardiovascular disease? a) being a male over 30 but under 55 b) being a female over 30 but under 55 c) having a sister with coronary artery disease d) menopause […]

1) transcription factors are proteins whose binding to the ________ region for a gene can ________ (increase) or ________ (decrease) expression of that gene. 2) how do the following relate to nervous system development and/or healing? synaptic plasticity, neuroglia, neurotrophic […]

1) lipoproteins that contain large amounts of cholesterol for transport to peripheral tissues are called ________. 2) you are walking to school one day when you notice an alien spaceship that has crashed in a nearby field. you and some […]

1) these are weak attractive forces between the nucleus of one atom and the electrons of another atom close by. a. van der waals b. ionic c. hydrogen d. covalent 2) passive transport refers to a process that requires a) […]

1) hydatid mole is a type of pregnancy that, without medical intervention, frequently results in the death of the mother. the hydatid mole is thought to result most often from an abnormality in fertilization, such that the egg has two […]

1) match each term with its definition. a. cardiac output (co) b. heart rate (hr) c. end-diastolic volume (edv) d. stroke volume (sv) e. end-systolic volume (esv) the volume of blood circulated by the heart in one minute 2) glycolytic […]

1) which functions are controlled through the autonomic nervous system? 1> blood pressure 2> heart rate 3> water balance 4> temperature regulation a) 1 and 2 b) 1 and 3 c) 1, 2, 3 d) 2, 3, 4 e) 1, […]

1) ________ hearing loss results from conditions that affect the ability of sound wave that have entered the external ear from generating/transmitting a vibration that will reach the cochlea. 2) which of the following acts as the earliest form of […]

1) match these terms with their descriptions. a. gray matter b. white matter c. ascending tracts d. descending tracts e. propriospinal tracts carry primarily efferent signals from the brain 2) covalent modulator a. involved in phosphorylation b. cannot be displaced […]

1) the nernst equation predicts a) intracellular ion concentrations. b) extracellular ion concentrations c) the membrane potential resulting from all permeable ions. d) the membrane potential resulting from permeability to a single ion. e) the threshold membrane potential. 2) the […]

1) match the correct subatomic particle with the statement about it. answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. a. proton(s) b. neutron(s) c. electron(s) 1>an ion has gained or lost ________. 2> isotopes of the […]

1) the brain and spinal cord together compose the a) central nervous system. b) autonomic division system. c) somatic motor division of the nervous system. d) peripheral nervous system. e) visceral nervous system. 2) if a scientific opinion has been […]

1) what is a hypothesis? what are the steps involved in following the scientific method? how does one distinguish the dependent variable from the independent variable in an experiment? how are each of these represented on a graph? 2) kathy […]

1) functions of the kidneys include all but one of the following. identify the exception. a) regulation of extracellular fluid volume b) maintenance of ion balance in body fluids c) regulation of blood protein levels d) regulation of blood osmolarity […]

1) match the response with the type of chemical. a. sympathetic antagonist b. parasympathetic antagonist blocks sweating 2) which of the following is a way to recognize a carbohydrate by looking at its name only? a) it always ends in […]

1) pre-diabetes is a condition that will likely become diabetes if eating and exercise habits are not altered. a) true b) false 2) each of the following factors would increase peripheral resistance except one. identify the exception. a) increased sympathetic […]

1) a viral infection involving the vestibular nuclei may result in a) loss of hearing. b) loss of sight. c) a sense of dizziness. d) local paralysis. e) high blood pressure. 2) which of the following is/are (a) possible treatment(s) […]

1) facilitated diffusion and active transport differ in that a) facilitated diffusion uses cell membrane proteins to move substances, whereas active transport does not. b) facilitated diffusion uses a substrate to bind to a protein carrier, whereas active transport does […]

1) classify each scenario below as to primarily which type of work is being done. a. chemical work b. transport work c. mechanical work maintaining a concentration gradient across a membrane 2) match the structure to its description. a. muscle […]

1) the only blood vessels whose walls permit exchange between the blood and the surrounding interstitial fluids are the a) arterioles. b) venules. c) capillaries. d) arterioles and capillaries. e) venules and capillaries. 2) anabolism is a term that describes […]

1) joe is playing in an intramural football game when he is tackled so hard that he breaks a rib. he can actually feel a piece of the rib sticking through the skin, and he is having a difficult time […]

1) immunoglobulins that attach to mast cells and are involved in allergic reactions are a) iga. b) igd. c) ige. d) igg. e) igm. 2) match the response with the type of chemical. a. sympathetic agonist b. parasympathetic agonist salivation […]

1) the depolarization of the pacemaker action potential spreads to adjacent cells through a) gap junctions. b) tight junctions. c) chemical synapses. d) desmosomes. 2) below are results of a blood analysis for a patient undergoing chemotherapy. the left two […]

1) list the following in order of increasing mass: atom, molecule, proton, neutron, electron. 2) red blood cells in the circulation live for about ________. the short life span is due to ________. answer: 120 days; increasing fragility of the […]

1) if a 10% sucrose solution is separated from a 20% sucrose solution by a membrane permeable to sucrose, in which direction will net diffusion of sucrose take place? a) from the 10% sucrose solution to the 20% sucrose solution […]

1) cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in a) propriospinal tracts. b) ventral root ganglia. c) ventral horns. d) dorsal horns. e) dorsal root ganglia. 2) type i alveolar cells a) allow rapid diffusion of gases through their thin […]

1) when eaten, nearly 90% of our dietary calories from fat are in the form of a) steroids. b) phospholipids. c) triglycerides. d) cholesterol. e) fat-soluble vitamins. 2) the major determinant of the resting potential of all cells is a) […]

1) a double covalent bond is formed when atoms a) share one pair of electrons (a total of two). b) share two pairs of electrons (a total of four). c) swap two pairs of electrons. d) transfer a pair of […]

1) if the edv is 140 ml, which other values are most likely to occur in a healthy, normal person? a) the esv could be 70 ml and the sv could be 90 ml. b) the esv could be 90 […]

1) a vasectomy prevents which of the following? a) ejaculation b) spermatogenesis c) erection d) formed sperm from entering ejaculate e) ejaculation and spermatogenesis 2) how many grams of glucose, m.w. 180 daltons, is necessary to make 1 liter of […]

1) the majority of hormones in the body are a) peptide hormones. b) steroid hormones. c) amino acid-derived hormones. d) neurohormones. e) all of the hormones are present in equal amounts in the body. 2) match the terms to changes […]

1) the loss of water in the urine due to unreabsorbed solutes is known as ________. 2) how does altitude affect blood composition and why? how would athletes’ performance be affected if they live, train, and compete at different altitudes? […]

1) which fibers generate more force? a) fast-twitch fibers b) slow-twitch fibers 2) erythropoietin (epo) was first isolated from the urine of anemic patients who had high circulating levels of the hormone. despite the presence of the hormone that stimulates […]

1) match the type of breathing with its description. a. hyperpnea b. hyperventilation c. tachypnea d. dyspnea e. apnea difficulty breathing 2) the importance of the plateau phase of the action potential of myocardial cells is in a) preventing overstretching […]

1) the rate of product formation by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction would be increased by a) adding more substrate molecules. b) adding more product molecules. c) reducing the number of enzymes. d) reducing the number of substrate molecules. 2) osmotic pressure […]

1) match the membrane protein with its function. a. transfer signals from the extracellular environment to the cytoplasm of the cell b. form cell-to-cell connections c. bind to molecules to facilitate entry to or exit from the cell d. ligands […]

1) water is a polar molecule, yet it easily moves through the nonpolar portions of cell membranes. which transport process is responsible? a) facilitated diffusion b) simple diffusion c) uniport d) symport e) antiport 2) match each leukocyte to its […]

1) the cellular mechanisms for renal handling of h+ and hco3- involve several membrane transporters; name three. 2) anne frank wrote a diary about the years she and a few others spent in hiding from the nazis during world war […]

1) sweat glands contain a) cholinergic receptors. b) alpha-1 receptors. c) alpha-2 receptors. d) beta receptors. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) most products of fat digestion are absorbed by a) capillaries. b) veins. c) lymphatic vessels. d) […]

1) intermediate filaments a) provide the cell with strength. b) stabilize the position of organelles. c) transport materials within the cytoplasm. d) form the neurofilaments in nerve cells. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) match the term to […]

1) muscle fatigue arises primarily from failure in a) neuromuscular transmission. b) initiation of contraction by the motor cortex. c) excitation-contraction coupling. d) signal relay from brain to spinal cord. e) calcium pumps in the skeletal muscles. 2) match the […]

1) a reversible reaction is one where a) there are large changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. b) there are small changes in the net free energy from substrate to product. c) there is no change […]

1) as an object moves closer to the eye, the ciliary muscle ________ making the lens ________ in order to keep the object in focus. 2) the decrease in blood pressure upon standing is known as ________. answer: orthostatic hypotension […]

1) a placebo is a) any drug being tested in a clinical trial. b) any drug in a class of drugs commonly used as pain relievers. c) a drug or treatment that is expected to have no pharmacological effect. d) […]

1) the cell that is the progenitor of all the types of blood cells is called the a) pluripotent hematopoietic stem cell. b) committed progenitor cell. c) megakaryocyte. d) reticulocyte. e) progenitor. 2) the gate control theory of pain modulation […]

1) 2) what are the po2 and pco2 in the alveoli, artery, peripheral tissue, and veins? explain why the po2 and pco2 change. answer: see figure 18.2 and the “gas exchange in the lungs and tissues” section of the chapter. […]

1) in terms of embryonic origin, neurons are most closely related to ________ cells. a) skeletal muscle b) cardiac muscle c) connective tissue d) epithelial 2) an important difference between single-unit and multiunit smooth muscle is the a) numerous gap […]

1) place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through them. 1> right ventricle 2> left atrium 3> right atrium 4> pulmonary artery 5> left ventricle 6> pulmonary vein a) 4, […]

1) ________ is characterized by an increased airway resistance and decreased ventilation. 2) ruby is 77 years old and can no longer control her urination. what changed in the reflex pathway that used to control her urination? answer: micturition normally […]

1) match the ganglion cell response to the location of the light stimulus. a. fully excited b. fully inhibited c. weak response light only shines on the surround of an off-surround visual field. 2) the central opening in the eye […]

1) there are two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane. solution a is 0.2 m nacl and solution b is 0.1 m cacl2. will there be a net flow of water across the membrane? why or why not? 2) the […]

1) swelling and soreness of the lymph nodes indicate that a) immune cells are fighting infection. b) the immune system is incapable of working. c) dangerous cancerous changes are occurring in the immune system. d) too much or improper exercise […]

1) ________ are short segments of intestine that alternately contract and relax. they are responsible for ________. 2) the enteric nervous system and the brain have several similarities. what are they? answer: see “the enteric nervous system can act independently” […]

1) edema is likely to occur when a) the concentration of protein in the blood increases. b) hemorrhage occurs. c) the heart becomes an insufficient pump. d) blood hydraulic pressure at the capillary decreases. e) the blood hydraulic pressure in […]

1) which of the following can be measured to determine a person’s metabolic rate? a) only heat released from body in sealed chamber b) only oxygen consumed by body in sealed chamber c) only carbon dioxide produced by body in […]

1) substances that have been isolated from the blood and have been shown to induce sleep have also been linked to the ________ system. a) urinary b) respiratory c) reproductive d) integumentary e) immune 2) ________ is the immunoglobulin class […]

1) match the ganglion cell response to the location of the light stimulus. a. fully excited b. fully inhibited c. weak response diffuse light illuminates both center and surround of on-surround cell. 2) the most important energy-transferring compound in cells […]

1) the receptors of equilibrium and hearing are the a) utricles. b) saccules. c) hair cells. d) supporting cells. e) ampullae. 2) match the type of receptor with the appropriate description. a. chemoreceptors b. touch receptors c. thermoreceptors d. nociceptors […]

1) the output of the ________ group of inspiratory neurons controls the ________ muscle(s) by way of the ________ nerve. 2) list any five nutrients important for blood cell synthesis and briefly explain the role of each. answer: table 16.3 […]

1) match the lung capacity with its description. a. total lung capacity b. inspiratory capacity c. vital capacity d. functional residual capacity the amount of air inhaled during an active (forced) inspiration 2) skeletal muscle cells are usually attached to […]

1) match the following terms with the correct descriptions. a. lymphocytes b. erythrocytes c. eosinophils d. platelets e. neutrophils these are fragments of a megakaryocyte. 2) match the response to the description. a. increase b. decrease c. no change plasma […]

1) the process of creating glucose out of non-carbohydrate precursors to make more energy for exercise is referred to as a) glycolysis. b) gluconeogenesis. c) ketolysis. d) hydrosis. 2) match the type of immunity to its description. a. specific b. […]

1) learning and memory are thought to be due to a synaptic phenomenon known as a) inhibition. b) excitation. c) modulation. d) facilitation. e) long-term potentiation. 2) when venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart […]

1) what would the labels be for the graph axes? 2) describe how lateral inhibition allows for localization of a stimulus. answer: lateral inhibition increases the contrast between receptive fields with the greater extent of activation and the nearby, lesser […]

1) if blood pressure doubled at the same time that the peripheral resistance doubled, the blood flow through a vessel would be a) doubled. b) halved. c) 16 times greater. d) 1/16 as much. e) unchanged. 2) if adenylyl cyclase […]

1) which cell is incorrectly matched with the characteristic? a) eosinophils – numbers increase with allergies and parasites b) eosinophils – cytotoxic cells may live only 6-12 hours c) basophils – have granules containing histamine and heparin d) neutrophils – […]

1) the type of protein found in gap junctions is the a) claudin. b) occludin. c) cadherin. d) connexin. e) integrin. 2) in the lever system that characterizes the interaction between bones and muscle, the bones act as the ________ […]

1) a boy who has not passed through puberty sustains an injury to his anterior pituitary such that fsh is no longer released, but lh is normal. after the individual grows to maturity, one would expect that he would a) […]

1) an area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the a) outer segment. b) inner segment. c) fovea. d) optic disc. e) tapetum lucidum. 2) sonja is 28 years old and […]

1) presence of glucose in the urine is evidence of what condition? 2) how is a carrier protein like a ship canal? answer: see figure 5.13 in the chapter. 3) what are nsaids, what is their function, and what are […]

1) which of the following could describe the function of 11 beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase? a) an enzyme located in renal tubules that acts on cortisol . b) it converts cortisol to a less active form. c) it aids in preventing crossover […]

1) which of the following is not considered an essential element for a living organism? a) carbon b) hydrogen c) mercury d) oxygen e) nitrogen 2) renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular osmolarity. […]

1) gh a) is secreted by the anterior pituitary. b) is secreted by the posterior pituitary. c) binds to a plasma protein. d) is secreted by the anterior pituitary and binds to a plasma protein. e) is secreted by the […]

1) a given hormone generally has the same effect on different target tissues. is this statement true or false? defend your answer. 2) indicate true or false. if false, substitute a word or phrase for the boldfaced word(s) that will […]

1) match the response to the description. a. increase b. decrease c. no change mean arterial pressure during exercise 2) diacylglycerol is produced from a) cyclic amp. b) phospholipase c. c) a g protein. d) protein kinase a. e) phosphatidylinositol […]

1) a layer of glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments that prevents the movement of proteins and other large molecules from the connective tissue to epithelium describes a) interfacial canals. b) the basal lamina. c) the reticular lamina. […]

1) the addition of a phosphate group to a substrate is called ________. the enzyme that catalyzes this reaction is referred to as a ________. a) proteolysis; phosphatase b) phosphorylation; phosphatase c) proteolysis; kinase d) phosphorylation; kinase 2) match the […]

1) which of the following occurs during days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle? a) proliferative phase b) ovulation c) menstruation d) secretory phase 2) match the disease with the description. a. addison’s disease b. cushing’s disease c. graves’ disease d. […]

1) describe the pleura and explain its role in respiration. 2) what is the ens, and when was it discovered? what is its significance, what is its nickname, and what are the characteristics that justify that nickname? answer: ens is […]

1) with heat acclimatization, a) sweating becomes more productive. b) aldosterone increases. c) sweating becomes more concentrated. d) sweating becomes more productive and aldosterone increases. e) aldosterone increases and sweating becomes more concentrated. 2) an increase in pco2 would cause […]

1) the point during an action potential when the inside of the cell has become more positive than the outside is known as the a) depolarization. b) rising phase. c) falling phase. d) overshoot. e) peak. 2) the ion necessary […]

1) inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are a) immunodeficiency diseases. b) autoimmune diseases. c) allergies. d) the result of stress. e) common in the elderly. 2) a fluid sample contains a large amount of iga type antibody. this […]

1) lipids are hydrophobic, and do not usually dissolve in water. because blood is water-based, the lipid cholesterol is combined with ________ so that it can be transported by blood. a) a hydrophilic molecule b) a hydrophobic molecule c) nothing; […]

1) a condition that produces a reduction in bone mass or density sufficient to compromise normal function is a) cretinism. b) osteoporosis. c) osteomyelitis. d) osteitis. e) acromegaly. 2) the vessels that are the main site of variable resistance in […]

1) the i band contains a) thick filaments only. b) thin filaments only. c) myosin only. d) thick and thin filaments. 2) on a dark night, the rods have a high concentration of a) opsin. b) camp. c) cgmp. d) […]

1) transcription of the dna triplet sequence cat will bind to the trna bearing a) cat. b) gta. c) gua. d) atu. 2) differences between arterioles and metarterioles include the fact that arterioles a) have a continuous smooth muscle layer […]

1) damage to the fovea of the eye would interfere with the ability to a) focus an image. b) regulate the amount of light striking the retina. c) detect objects in the periphery of ones field of vision. d) detect […]

1) for a diagnosis of hypertension, a patient must have a) a systolic pressure above 120 mm hg. b) a systolic pressure above 140 mm hg. c) a diastolic pressure above 90 mm hg. d) a diastolic pressure below 80 […]

1) during exercise, the most significant factor affecting the ph of body tissues is the production of a) lactic acid. b) ketone bodies. c) organic acids. d) carbon dioxide. e) hydrochloric acid. 2) blocking afferent action potentials from the chemoreceptors […]

1) match the lung disease to its description. a. fibrotic lung disease b. emphysema c. asthma d. pulmonary edema increased airway resistance 2) match the part of the neuron to its description (answers may be used more than once). a. […]

1) compared to arteries, the velocity of flow of the blood through the capillaries is a) at least 10 times faster. b) at least twice as fast. c) about the same. d) much slower. e) impossible to predict without more […]

1) a ________ is an instrument that measures the volume of air moved with each breath. 2) prior to the discovery of the role of insulin in metabolism and the development of insulin therapy to treat diabetes mellitus, a diagnosis […]

1) homeostatic control that takes place at the tissue or cell by using paracrine or autocrine signals is called ________. a) local control b) reflex control c) cannon’s law d) down-regulation 2) transcription occurs in the ________ of the cell. […]

1) ion concentrations are first significantly affected after ________ action potential(s). a) one b) a few dozen c) a few hundred d) a few thousand e) a few million 2) the medical term for heart attack is a) heart failure. […]

1) draw three graphs depicting how the following change during normal inspiration and expiration: a. alveolar pressure b. intrapleural pressure c. volume of air moved 2) graded potentials may a) initiate an action potential. b) depolarize the membrane to the […]

1) which is/are the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) of the cns? a) gaba only b) glycine only c) glutamate only d) gaba and glycine e) all of the answers are correct. 2) a horse runs 10 races, each a mile […]

1) the ________ principle states that the properties of the action potential are independent of the relative strength of the depolarizing stimulus. 2) substances that can trigger an immune response are known as ________. answer: antigens 3) explain the polar […]

1) cytokines function by a) acting as messengers for growth and activity of other cells. b) poisoning and killing invading cells. c) digesting invading cells. d) acting as messengers for growth and activity of other cells and poisoning and killing […]

1) match the correct subatomic particle with the statement about it. answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all. a. proton(s) b. neutron(s) c. electron(s) 1> this particle has a charge of +1 and a mass […]

1) protective reflexes of the lungs include a) coughing. b) bronchoconstriction. c) bronchodilation. d) bronchodilation and coughing. e) coughing and bronchoconstriction. 2) when more action potentials arrive at the axon terminal, how is the postsynaptic cell affected? a) neurotransmitter release […]

1) the term cellular (metabolic) energy indicates any biological process requiring a) energy in any form. b) atp. c) thermal energy. d) chemical energy. e) thermal energy and chemical energy. 2) which of the following is a way for solutes […]

1) functions of the large intestine include a) chemical digestion of chyme. b) temporary food storage. c) resorption of water and compaction of feces. d) absorption of the products of digestion. e) all of these answers are correct. 2) the […]

1) there is clear evidence that strenuous exercise on a regular basis enhances the immune system. a) true b) false 2) the following is a list of several levels of organization that make up the human body. 1> tissue 2> […]

1) a tracing of the electrical activity of the heart, monitored by electrodes placed on the skin, is called a(n) ________. 2) for a person suffering from ________, the focal point of the object is focused in front of the […]

1) the two divisions of the efferent side of the peripheral nervous system are a) somatic motor neurons and voluntary neurons. b) somatic motor neurons and autonomic neurons. c) the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions. d) voluntary nervous system and somatic […]

1) individuals with mcardle’s disease cannot break down glycogen. how would this affect substrate utilization during exercise? 2) the inferior point of the heart is called the ________. answer: apex 3) sabrina’s resting heart rate is 80 beats per minute, […]

1) compare and contrast the structural and functional differences between single-unit and multi-unit smooth muscle fibers, particularly in regard to their ability to vary their force of contraction. 2) give a brief synopsis of cns control of movement. answer: motor […]

1) match these brain areas with their locations. a. primary somatic sensory cortex b. visual cortex c. auditory cortex d. association areas occipital lobe 2) an excitatory postsynaptic potential (epsp) a) depolarizes a neuron, decreasing the likelihood of an action […]

1) match the condition with the description. a. acromegaly b. adrenogenital syndrome c. cretinism d. dwarfism e. exophthalmus caused by growth hormone excess in adulthood 2) when a puppy is scolded “no!” each time he chews on your ficus tree, […]

1) this results when an atom has such a strong attraction for electrons that it pulls one or more electrons completely away from another atom. a. van der waals b. ionic c. hydrogen d. covalent 2) c-reactive protein is a […]

1) pendrin is an anion transporter important in the production of a) parathyroid hormone. b) calcitonin. c) trh. d) tsh. e) thyroid hormone. 2) convective heat loss occurs when a) water evaporates from the skin’s surface. b) warm air rises […]

1) explain each of these terms: antibiotic, antibody, antigen, antihistamine, antiretroviral drug, antiviral drug. 2) ________ are fixed macrophages found in the liver. answer: kupffer cells 3) the sum of all of the electrical and chemical forces active across the […]

1) match each step in urine formation to its description. a. excretion b. filtration c. reabsorption d. secretion movement from the peritubular capillaries to the nephron lumen 2) the portion of the nephron that attaches to the collecting duct is […]

1) usually, cytokine binding activates a) jak kinase. b) tyrosine kinase. c) intrinsic transducers. d) calmodulin kinase. e) citrulline kinase. 2) the falling phase of the action potential is due primarily to a) na+ flow in the cell only. b) […]

1) soluble in water a. fibrous b. globular 2) which of the following is a common feature of soluble proteins? a) structural support b) noncovalent interaction c) receptor binding d) chemical modulation e) all of the answers are correct. answer: […]

1) trace the language pathway of signals from the eye (written words) or the ear (spoken words) to the motor cortex. discuss the two regions of the cortex involved in this pathway. describe their location and the communication problems that […]

1) match the lung volume with its description. a. tidal volume b. inspiratory reserve volume c. expiratory reserve volume d. residual volume the additional air inhaled after a normal inspiration 2) the nervous system avoids muscle fatigue during submaximal contraction […]

1) which statements apply to the parasympathetic division of the nervous system? a) it is dominant during “resting and digesting.” b) its ganglia are nearby, on or near their target organs. c) epinephrine is the primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic […]

1) these degrade long chain fatty acids and toxic foreign molecules. a. endoplasmic reticulum b. golgi apparatus c. lysosomes d. mitochondria e. peroxisomes 2) a glomerulus is a) the expanded end of a nephron. b) a “knot” of capillaries that […]

1) if an axon has an absolute refractory period of 2 msec, what is the maximum frequency of action potential (ap) production in that neuron? 2) your roommate sally has just found out her mother has high cholesterol. knowing that […]

1) match the term with its description: a. threshold b. effector c. integrating center d. setpoint e. sensory receptor the minimum stimulus to trigger a response 2) ten-year-old tina falls while climbing a tree and lands on her back. her […]

1) bulk flow is fluid flow as a result of a(n) ________ gradient. a) concentration b) electrical c) pressure d) two of the answers are correct. e) none of the answers are correct. 2) which of the following is greater? […]

1) match the disease with the description. a. addison’s disease b. cushing’s disease c. graves’ disease d. paget’s disease involves endocrine stimulation by antibodies 2) opening a na+ channel in a non-neural sensory receptor cell would cause that cell to […]

1) the concentration of a solution expresses the amount of a) solvent per volume of solute. b) solute per volume of solvent. c) solvent per volume of solution. d) solute per volume of solution. e) none of the answers are […]

1) ________ is the time spent in prenatal development. 2) therapeutic surgical removal of the thyroid gland was documented more than 1000 years ago. in the 19th century, a surgeon performing that procedure had only about 50% patient survival, and […]

1) a typical value for intrapleural pressure is ________ mm hg. a) +6 b) +3 c) 0 d) -3 e) -6 2) antagonistic control of efferent output is typical of the ________ division. a) somatic b) sensory c) autonomic d) […]

1) urine is produced by the a) gallbladder. b) urinary bladder. c) kidney. d) ureter. e) urethra. 2) the collection of axons that carries information between the central nervous system and the peripheral effectors is called the a) axon hillock. […]

1) a resting heart rate of less than 60 beats per minute is identified as ________. 2) bowel and bladder control involve spinal reflex pathways that are located in the sacral region of the spinal cord. in both instances, two […]

1) if the resting axon’s membrane becomes more permeable to potassium ions, a) the inside of the membrane will become more positively charged. b) the membrane will depolarize more rapidly. c) it will take a stimulus of larger magnitude to […]

1) match the change with the cardiovascular event described. a. increased b. decreased c. unchanged d. stopped when a blood vessel dilates, velocity of blood is ________. 2) the brief period of time between the beginning of the action potential […]

1) human somatic cells contain ________ chromosomes. 2) define, compare, and contrast each term listed, and explain how the terms are related to each other: tendons, ligaments, cartilage, bone. answer: each term is a type or subtype of connective tissue. […]