1) in multiple sclerosis, there is progressive and intermittent damage to the myelin
sheath of central axons. one symptom is poor motor control of the affected area. why
does destruction of the myelin sheath affect motor control?
2) simple reflexes in a worm are integrated within a segment rather than in the brain,
because
a) worms do not have brains.
b) worms do not have a nervous system.
c) worms have a ganglion at each segment.
d) worms have a neural network within each segment.
3) neurotransmitters and neurohormones both
a) are released by neurons.
b) affect only cells with a specific receptor.
c) travel in the blood to their target cell.
d) are released by neurons and affect only cells with specific receptors.
e) are produced by all cells.
4) in type i diabetes, a hyperglycemic hyperosmotic state may occur. which of the
following best describes this state?
a) there are low levels of vasopressin (adh).
b) there is decreased water intake.
c) plasma glucose and blood osmolarity levels are above normal.
d) atp production is increased due to the increased levels of glucose.
e) blood osmolarity is below normal levels due to elevated glucose.
5) match each hormone with its primary source.
a. prolactin
b. insulin
c. aldosterone
d. melatonin
e. calcitonin
f. epinephrine
pineal
6) match the answers to the questions.
a. true only for the sympathetic division
b. true only for the parasympathetic division
c. true for both divisions
it contains cholinergic neurons.
7) an enzyme that digests fats is
a) hydrolase.
b) lipase.
c) lyase.
d) ligase.
e) kinase.
8) in order to signal a stronger stimulus, action potentials become
a) higher in amplitude only.
b) more frequent only.
c) longer-lasting only.
d) higher in amplitude and more frequent.
e) higher in amplitude and longer-lasting.
9) reflexive memories are stored in areas of the
a) frontal lobe.
b) parietal lobe.
c) temporal lobe.
d) occipital lobe.
e) cerebellum.
10) conduction speed is (or can be) enhanced by
a) myelin.
b) altering extracellular sodium concentration.
c) increasing the temperature.
d) altering extracellular potassium concentration.
e) myelin and increasing the temperature.
11) the molecular event that occurs immediately after the power stroke is the
a) release of actin from the myosin head.
b) hydrolysis of atp by the myosin head.
c) release of adp from the myosin.
d) binding of tropomyosin to the myosin.
e) binding of actin to the myosin.
12) for maximum efficiency in loading oxygen at the lungs,
a) the ph should be slightly acidic.
b) the temperature should be slightly lower than normal body temperature.
c) the po2 should be about 70 mm.
d) dpg levels in the red blood cells should be high.
e) all of the answers are correct.
13) atrial natriuretic peptide
a) increases the gfr.
b) inhibits the release of renin.
c) stimulates the release of renin.
d) increases the gfr and inhibits the release of renin.
e) increases the gfr and stimulates the release of renin.
14) match the structure or compound to its function.
a. ezetimbe
b. ferroportin
c. hepcidin
d. dmt1
e. npc1l1
transporter for cholesterol absorption
15) presynaptic facilitation occurs when
a) extracellular concentration of sodium increases.
b) extracellular concentration of potassium increases.
c) calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane are inhibited.
d) calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remain open longer.
e) temporal summation occurs.
16) the product of the sry gene is
a) testosterone.
b) anti-mllerian hormone.
c) dihydrotestosterone.
d) 5- reductase.
e) testis-determining factor.
17) during ventricular ejection,
a) the ventricles are in systole.
b) the qrs complex is just starting.
c) the semilunar valves are closed.
d) the av valves are open.
e) blood is forced into veins.
18) describe the structure of the cytoskeleton, and list its functions.
19) the normal ph range for most body fluids is ________.
20)
figure 1.1
list all of the errors in figure 1.1.
21) the ________ is the amount of blood in a ventricle after it has contracted and before
it begins to refill.
22) besides sterilization, the only sure way to avoid pregnancy is ________.
23) explain brain plasticity, and give an advantage and a disadvantage of this process.
24) design a concept map on scientific experimental design.
25) receptors in cell signaling are not to be confused with receptors that activate a reflex
arc. explain the difference, using specific examples.
26) the anatomical arrangement of the kidney that allows transfer of solutes from one
blood vessel to another is called the ________.
27) the interaction between ca2+ and calmodulin in smooth muscle cells has been
described as a second messenger system. develop an argument to support this position,
using another second messenger system you have studied for comparison.