1) a given hormone generally has the same effect on different target tissues. is this
statement true or false? defend your answer.
2) indicate true or false. if false, substitute a word or phrase for the boldfaced word(s)
that will make the statement true.
the gaps between schwann cells are called synapses.
3) if the graded potential increases in amplitude, then the frequency of the action
potentials fired also increases.
4) indicate true or false. if false, substitute a word or phrase for the boldfaced word(s)
that will make the statement true.
schwann cells are the primary type of glial cell associated with the central nervous
system.
5) proteins must first be enzymatically degraded to single amino acids before entering
the capillaries of the hepatic portal system. is this true or false? what is the significance
of this? is absorption of carbohydrates and lipids restricted to monomers? explain.
6) indicate true or false. if false, substitute a word or phrase for the boldfaced word(s)
that will make the statement true.
an influx of na+ ions depolarizes the membrane of an axon.
7) a muscle at rest exerts no tension. is this statement true or false? explain your answer.
8) “a refractory period occurs following all types of potentials.” is this statement true or
false? what structures are actually refractory? why or why not?
9) the absolute refractory period is important in unidirectional propagation of action
potentials.
10) in spatial summation the same stimulus is repeated until a threshold level of
depolarization is reached.
11) true or false? lipids contain substantially more oxygen than carbohydrate molecules.
based on your answer, what does that suggest about lipid solubility in water?
12) sally is an avid jogger and she trains incessantly. she has slimmed down so that she
is now underweight for her height and has very little fat tissue. you would expect sally
to
a) have heavy menstrual flows.
b) double ovulate.
c) be amenorrheic.
d) have painful menstrual cramps.
e) show elevated levels of fsh.
13) inhibition of neural activity can result from
a) presynaptic events only.
b) postsynaptic events only.
c) presynaptic events and postsynaptic events.
14) during normal expiration,
a) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume.
b) the internal intercostal muscles are required.
c) the abdominal muscles become involved.
d) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume and
the internal intercostal muscles are required.
e) elastic recoil of stretched muscles helps return the thorax to its resting volume, the
internal intercostal muscles are required, and the abdominal muscles become involved.
15) the primary organ where erythropoietin is produced is the
a) liver.
b) kidney.
c) spleen.
d) bone marrow.
e) endothelial cells throughout the body.
16) to activate a regulated gene, the formation of mrna is ________ by the binding of
________ to the promoter.
a) repressed, transcription factors
b) repressed, translation factors
c) induced, transcription factors
d) induced, translation factors
17) one intracellular calcium-binding protein is
a) calmodulin.
b) calcitonin.
c) calcitriol.
d) ip3.
e) nitric oxide.
18) loose connective tissue functions in
a) supporting small glands.
b) supporting epithelia.
c) anchoring blood vessels and nerves.
d) all of the answers are correct.
19) clusters of nerve cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system are called
a) microglia.
b) neuroglia.
c) glia.
d) ganglia.
e) nodes.
20) when the muscle has used up its stored atp and glucose but continues to have a
plentiful supply of oxygen, which process will it turn to next to produce more energy
for muscle contraction?
a) protein catabolism
b) fatty acid oxidation
c) fermentation of glucose to lactate
d) ketosis
21) when there is a resistance to the movement produced by a given limb muscle,
a) gamma motor neurons are inhibited by higher brain centers.
b) there is a decrease in the amount of force generated by extrafusal muscle fibers.
c) the muscle involved in the movement immediately shortens when stimulated.
d) intrafusal fibers receive fewer action potentials from the gamma motor neurons.
e) muscle tone is increased and more motor units are recruited to the contraction.
22) when allowed to develop, the mllerian ducts become the
a) fallopian tubes, uterus, and upper vagina.
b) distal vagina, clitoris, and labia.
c) epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles.
d) penis and scrotum.
e) fallopian tubes, uterus, upper vagina, distal vagina, clitoris, and labia.
23) if the results of ufo-epi treatment of humans included pupil dilation, localized
sweating, high blood pressure, and high blood glucose, which conclusion would be
indicated?
a) it acts on ampa receptors.
b) it acts at the neuromuscular junction.
c) it acts on muscarinic receptors.
d) it acts on alpha adrenergic receptors.
e) it acts on beta adrenergic receptors.
24) select the corresponding category:
a. membranous organelle
b. inclusion
lysosome
25) dehydration can result from
a) heat exhaustion.
b) cck.
c) diabetes.
d) gluconeogenesis.
e) heat exhaustion and diabetes.
26) draw a map of the enteric nervous system response and include: stimuli, receptors,
integrating centers, efferent path, and tissue response.
27) thyroid hormone secretion decreases with age. treatment with thyroid-releasing
hormone is less effective in younger patients, while treatment with thyroid hormone is
more effective in younger patients.
what name is given to the condition of decreased thyroid hormone secretion? what
related hormones are likely to decrease as well? propose an explanation for the loss of
responsiveness to the releasing hormone. propose an explanation for the increased
responsiveness to treatment with thyroid hormone (consider both how hormones affect
target cells and how hormone action is halted).
28) you are walking to school one day when you notice an alien spaceship that has
crashed in a nearby field. you and some other physiology students collect samples from
the beings inside of the spaceship. first, you collect a liquid sample of what appears to
be alien blood so that you can test for the concentration of solutes inside the alien blood
cells. you then extract some of these cells, place them in various concentrations of
glucose in water, then look at them under the microscope. below is what happens to the
cells when they are placed in various concentrations of glucose:
table 5.1
refer to table 5.1. from cells located in another part of the alien’s body, you find that the
protein-to-lipid ratio of the cell membrane is about 20% protein, 78% lipid, and 2%
carbohydrate. assuming the aliens use their cells as earthlings do, and have the same
terrestrial physiology, what is the most likely function of these cells?
29) discuss the membrane permeabilities of major ions and how they contribute to the
overall resting membrane potential of neurons.
30) one of the most common signs of polycystic kidney disease is hypertension in an
otherwise seemingly healthy individual. why would cysts on the kidney lead to higher
blood pressure?
31) the pancreatic hormone that raises blood glucose concentration is ________.
32) vitamin ________ must be complexed with a protein called ________ to be
absorbed from the small intestine.
33) explain the role of exposure to antigens in the development of the immune system
in the fetus and in the primary and secondary immune responses in children and adults.
how does this compare to the role of innate immunity?
34) brian, 53, finally visited his doctor, after 6 months of being winded after climbing
the two flights of stairs to his apartment. he kept blaming himself for being “out of
shape,” and thought he would be ok after his spring yard work started, but he wasn’t. the
doctor wasn’t surprised when brian’s blood pressure was 160/110 mm hg. the doctor
prescribed some beta blockers and more tests, including an ecg and blood tests. why did
the doctor want this additional information? what are some items he would check in the
blood tests, and why?