1) a reversible reaction is one where
a) there are large changes in the net free energy from substrate to product.
b) there are small changes in the net free energy from substrate to product.
c) there is no change in the net free energy from substrate to product.
d) a reaction between products is unlikely due to the high activation energy.
2) these are weak attractive forces between hydrogen and certain other atoms.
a. van der waals
b. ionic
c. hydrogen
d. covalent
3) capillaries are best described as
a) microscopic vessels in which blood exchanges material with the interstitial fluid.
b) thick walled vessels that convey blood away from the heart.
c) thin walled vessels that convey blood toward the heart.
d) thick walled vessels that carry blood rich in oxygen.
e) thin walled vessels that carry blood deficient in oxygen.
4) chemical reactions that occur in the human body proceed at a faster rate due to
special catalytic molecules called
a) enzymes.
b) cytozymes.
c) cofactors.
d) activators.
e) none of the answers are correct.
5) the enzyme renin is responsible for the activation of
a) angiotensin.
b) cortisol.
c) erythropoietin.
d) atrial natriuretic peptide.
e) adrenaline.
6) match each term with its definition.
a. cardiac output (co)
b. heart rate (hr)
c. end-diastolic volume (edv)
d. stroke volume (sv)
e. end-systolic volume (esv)
the amount of blood pumped out of the heart during one contraction
7) when the ph of the extracellular fluid declines,
a) the kidneys excrete more sodium ions.
b) the kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions.
c) the kidneys reabsorb more potassium ions.
d) the ph of the urine increases.
e) the kidneys reabsorb less water.
8) match the structures with the accurate description.
a. muscle fiber
b. fascicle
c. sarcolemma
d. myofibril
e. t-tubules
a single muscle cell
9) insulin
a) only stimulates glycolysis.
b) only stimulates lipogenolysis.
c) only inhibits gluconeogenesis.
d) stimulates glycolysis and lipogenolysis.
e) stimulates glycolysis and inhibits gluconeogenesis.
10) the portion of the nephron closest to the renal corpuscle is the
a) loop of henle.
b) proximal tubule.
c) distal tubule.
d) collecting duct.
e) minor calyx.
11) peyer’s patches are characteristic of the
a) stomach.
b) esophagus.
c) pancreas.
d) small intestine.
e) colon.
12) match the lung capacity with its description.
a. total lung capacity
b. inspiratory capacity
c. vital capacity
d. functional residual capacity
the total amount of air that can be exchanged at will
13) during the isovolumic phase of ventricular systole,
a) the atria contract.
b) the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves are closed.
c) blood is ejected into the great vessels.
d) the ventricles are relaxing.
e) the ventricles are filling with blood.
14) when multiple, possibly even conflicting signals reach a neuron, the neuron
evaluates the signals and may respond or not. this property is called
a) temporal summation.
b) spatial summation.
c) postsynaptic integration.
d) graded potentials.
e) epsps.
15) ________ is the fluid within the vestibular and tympanic duct of the cochlea.
16) slow waves are
a) cycles of smooth muscle contraction and relaxation.
b) spontaneous cycles of depolarization and repolarization.
c) reflexes that originate and are integrated in the enteric nervous system.
d) peristaltic contractions.
e) segmental contractions.
17) neurotransmitters are released from the
a) dendrites.
b) axon terminals.
c) collaterals.
d) axon hillock.
e) synapse.
18) bicarbonate secretion
a) neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum.
b) is secreted by apical cl–hco3- antiport.
c) is not dependent on high levels of carbonic anhydrase to maintain bicarbonate
production.
d) is secreted by the acinar cells.
e) neutralizes acid entering from the stomach into the duodenum and is secreted by
apical cl–hco3- antiport.
19) which is not true regarding autonomic reflexes?
a) vomiting, sneezing, and coughing are all examples of autonomic reflexes.
b) integrating centers for autonomic reflexes in the brain include the hypothalamus,
brain stem, and limbic system.
c) autonomic reflexes are all monosynaptic, with their synapse in the central nervous
system.
d) many autonomic reflexes are characterized by tonic activity, a continuous stream of
action potentials.
20) which hormones of growth and metabolism have a permissive effect on other
hormones of growth and metabolism?
21) in a(n) ________ synapse, there is a direct physical connection between cells.
22) blood glucose levels are kept fairly steady in healthy people through the action of
the hormones insulin and glucagon. insulin decreases blood glucose by promoting
glucose uptake by cells, whereas glucagon increases blood glucose by promoting
release of glucose from cells. describe these hormone actions as simple reflex
pathways, identifying the stimulus, integrating center, efferent pathway, and response.
23) a(n) ________ is a homogeneous mixture containing a solvent and a solute.
24) structurally similar steroids sometimes bind to the same receptor, producing
________ effects.
25) air flows into lungs because of ________ created by ________.
26) describe the different causes of hypoxia, and give specific examples of the
associated conditions.
27) ________ is the process of sloughing off the old functional layer of the
endometrium.
28) explain why observations of basal body temperature are useful for couples who
want to get pregnant, but are only of limited use for couples who are trying to avoid
getting pregnant.
29) explain the concept of evolutionary conservation of hormone activity, and how
recognition of that phenomenon has influenced hormone therapies.