1) an area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the
a) outer segment.
b) inner segment.
c) fovea.
d) optic disc.
e) tapetum lucidum.
2) sonja is 28 years old and weighs 132 lb (2.2 lb = 1 kg). calculate the following values
for her, assuming she is an average healthy adult.
a.what is her approximate blood volume?
b.what is her approximate plasma volume?
c.assuming a normal hematocrit, what is her volume of cellular elements?
d.what is her typical rbc count?
e.wbc?
f.differential count?
g.platelets?
h.what hemoglobin level would you expect to find?
3) one kilocalorie (kcal) is the amount of energy needed to raise one ________ of water
by 1 degree celsius.
a) milliliter
b) tablespoon
c) cup
d) liter
e) gallon
4) both insulin and glucagon are peptide hormones that target liver cells. the responses
of the target cells to these two hormones are exactly the opposite of each other. this
information implies that
a) one hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane and the other to an
intracellular receptor.
b) each of the two hormones uses a different second messenger.
c) both hormones interact with receptors at the cell nucleus.
d) one of the hormones does not interact with a membrane receptor.
5) match these brain areas with their locations.
a. primary somatic sensory cortex
b. visual cortex
c. auditory cortex
d. association areas
parietal lobe
6) match the response to the description.
a. increase
b. decrease
c. no change
relative depression of immune system with change from moderate to strenuous exercise
7) match the potential or potential change with the causative circumstances. assume ion
movements are net movements. answers may be used more than once or not at all.
a. resting membrane potential
b. hyperpolarization
c. depolarization
d. repolarization
e. more than one of the answers
k+ leaves the cell
8) electrical shock to the heart is usually used to treat
a) ventricular fibrillation.
b) atrial fibrillation.
c) heart block.
d) heart murmur.
e) myocardial infarction.
9) match the nutrient to its primary fate.
a. carbohydrate
b. protein
c. fat
used immediately for energy
10) voltage-regulated channels are located
a) within the cytosol only.
b) in the membranes of dendrites only.
c) in the membranes of axons only.
d) on the neuron cell body only.
e) in the membranes of dendrites, in the membranes of axons, and on the neuron cell
body.
11) the fold of skin that covers the tip of the penis is the
a) glans penis.
b) prepuce.
c) corpus cavernosum.
d) corpus spongiosum.
e) penile urethra.
12) a man’s leg was crushed between a car bumper and a wall. his physicians believe
their patient has suffered kidney damage from myoglobin blocking glomerular pores.
tests showed the following results:
plasma creatinine:30 mg/100 ml plasma
24 hour urine specimen:volume = 1 liter
urine creatinine30 mg/ml urine
a.how many mg of creatinine are in the urine specimen? how much creatinine appears
in the urine per hour?
b.what is the patient’s creatinine clearance in ml/min?
c.what is the patient’s gfr?
d.is this a normal gfr? did the patient sustain kidney damage?
13) epithelia are connected to underlying connective tissues by
a) a basement membrane only.
b) protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein only.
c) a basal lamina only.
d) a basement membrane and protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein only.
e) a basement membrane, protein filaments embedded in glycoprotein, and a basal
lamina.
14) a harmful substance that the liver produces when metabolizing fatty acids is
a) ammonia.
b) urea.
c) ketone bodies.
d) rancid fatty acids.
e) beta units.
15) most reflexes are regulated by
a) the brain.
b) the spinal cord.
c) ganglia.
d) positive feedback.
e) negative feedback.
16) striated muscles are so-called because of a repeating pattern of light and dark bands.
one repeating unit of the banding pattern is called a
a) myofilament.
b) myomere.
c) sarcofibril.
d) sarcomere.
e) crossbridge.
17) each of the following changes will result in increased blood flow to a tissue except
one. identify the exception.
a) increased blood volume
b) decreased vessel diameter
c) increased blood pressure
d) decreased peripheral resistance
e) relaxation of precapillary sphincters
18) glucagon
a) only stimulates gluconeogenesis.
b) primarily targets the liver.
c) primarily targets skeletal muscle.
d) stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets the liver.
e) stimulates gluconeogenesis and primarily targets skeletal muscle.
19) to increase the amount of neurotransmitter released onto a postsynaptic cell, the
presynaptic cell would have to
a) send action potentials with higher voltage (higher amplitude).
b) send action potentials with longer durations.
c) send action potentials with higher frequency.
d) do nothing; no change is possible since the all-or-none law is in effect.
20) at rest, nerve cells have a voltage of ________ mv.
21) describe the major anatomical differences between the sympathetic and
parasympathetic branches.
22) list, compare, and contrast the types of skeletal muscle fibers based on their speed
of contraction and resistance to fatigue. give examples of where each type might be
found, and why it is advantageous for each type to occur there.
23) diagram the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction. be sure to include the
somatic motor neuron, axon terminal, synaptic cleft, synaptic vesicles, motor end plate,
and appropriate neurotransmitter(s), ion channel(s), and membrane receptor(s).
24) erica came down with the flu. she experienced severe vomiting, determined to be
primarily stomach contents, for three days, and now is having chest pains. she is calling
one of her symptoms “heartburn,” but reported that it felt as if she had swallowed a
small apple whole. certain that she was having a heart attack, erica rushed to the doctor.
the doctor took her history and symptoms, and reassured her that she only had
esophagitis. how did the physician conclude this? is her blood ph higher or lower than
normal?
25) during the fight-or-flight reaction, ________ is released from the adrenal medulla
and binds to ________ receptors, found on the vascular smooth muscle of heart, liver,
and skeletal muscle arterioles and results in (increased/decreased) blood flow to these
organs; the same hormone binds to ________ receptors on other tissues, causing
(increased/decreased) blood flow to these organs.
26) the enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of h2o and co2 to h2co3 is called
________.
27) list the factors that influence arteriolar resistance, and give an example of each.
28) carbonic acid is generated by bubbling co2 into a beaker of water. if it took 5
minutes for this reaction to reach equilibrium, how would the results differ if the
enzyme carbonic anhydrase was added to the beaker of water? explain using the
concept of the energy hill.