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1) intermediate filaments
a) provide the cell with strength.
b) stabilize the position of organelles.
c) transport materials within the cytoplasm.
d) form the neurofilaments in nerve cells.
e) all of the answers are correct.
2) match the term to its definition.
a. metabolism
b. catabolism
c. anabolism
large molecules broken into smaller ones
3) match the glial cell to the nervous system division in which it is found.
a. central nervous system
b. peripheral nervous system
astrocytes
4) sympathetic stimulation increases the heart rate by
a) just increasing ion influx, thus increasing the rate of depolarization.
b) just increasing the permeability to ca2+.
c) just increasing the permeability to k+.
d) just decreasing the permeability to ca2+.
e) increasing the permeability to k+ and decreasing the permeability to ca2+.
5) match each term with the appropriate description.
a. peptide hormone
b. steroid hormone
c. amino acid-derived hormone
d. anterior pituitary
e. hypothalamus
f. posterior pituitary
site of vasopressin synthesis
6) sensations of the forces of gravity and linear acceleration are detected in the
a) semicircular canals.
b) cochlea.
c) ossicles.
d) saccule and utricle.
e) organ of corti.
7) match the term with its description:
a. threshold
b. effector
c. integrating center
d. setpoint
e. sensory receptor
receives information about the regulated variable and initiates a response
8) a nucleotide consists of a
a) five-carbon sugar and phosphate group.
b) five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base.
c) phosphate group and a nitrogenous base.
d) five-carbon sugar, a nitrogenous base, and a phosphate group.
e) five-carbon sugar and an amino acid.
9) in the heart, valves are located
a) just between the atria and the ventricles.
b) just between the ventricles and the arteries.
c) just between the great veins and the atria.
d) between atria and ventricles and between ventricles and arteries.
e) just between the right and left ventricles.
10) leukocytes recognize molecules that are unique to pathogens; thus, the molecules
are
a) pathogen-associated molecular patterns.
b) pattern recognition receptors.
c) toll-like receptors.
d) phagosomes.
e) antigens.
11) chronic hypoxia
a) increases 2,3-dpg production in blood.
b) shifts the hbo2 dissociation curve to the left.
c) can be caused by anemia.
d) increases 2,3-dpg production in blood and can result from anemia.
e) all of the answers are correct.
12) triglycerides and steroids are members of this group. as a class they are
hydrophobic.
a. carbohydrates
b. lipids
c. proteins
d. nucleotides
13) select the corresponding category:
a. membranous organelle
b. inclusion
ribosome
14) the continual movement of fluid through the interstitial space functions to
a) accelerate the distribution of nutrients and hormones.
b) assist the transport of insoluble substances that cannot enter the capillaries.
c) help carry toxins and bacteria to cells of the immune system.
d) flush hormones and wastes from the interstitial space.
e) all of the answers are correct.
15) arrange the following events in the proper sequence:
1> efferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential.
2> afferent neuron reaches threshold and fires an action potential.
3> effector organ responds by performing output.
4> integrating center reaches decision about response.
5> sensory organ detects change in the environment.
a) 2, 3, 5, 1, 4
b) 5, 2, 4, 1, 3
c) 5, 1, 4, 2, 3
d) 5, 3, 4, 2, 1
e) 3, 1, 4, 2, 5
16) endocrine disruptors are environmental chemicals, which, if people and other
animals are exposed, can have hormone-mimicking or hormone-blocking effects. these
chemicals are used in industries and in homes and are associated with such commonly
used products as pesticides and herbicides, plastic food containers and baby bottles.
those that mimic or block sex steroids are of special concern, because they are present
in household plastics and are fat-soluble, thus easily stored in fatty tissue of the body
and can affect a developing fetus. research is ongoing and results are controversial, but
these chemicals have been associated with:
a. delayed sexual maturity in fish;
b. poor masculinization of genitals in male alligators with decreased ability to produce
offspring;
c. feminized behavior in male rats, and in humans;
d. decreased lactation;
e. diminished male genitals and semen quality; and
f. early puberty.
for each condition a.-f., specify which hormones may have been blocked and which
mimicked (endocrine regulation in fish, alligators, and rats is nearly identical to that in
humans).
17) you were the top student in your physiology class last semester. for this reason, your
professor has asked that you prepare some lectures for her physiology class this
semester. specifically, she would like you to discuss the similarities and differences
between the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, in terms of pressure gradients and
fluid flow.
a.explain how you will describe the role of the following structures: the pump and the
tubes.
b.explain how you will describe the importance of an open vs. closed system and the
relevant differences between liquids and gases.
c.what is fundamentally different about the respiratory pump compared to the cardiac
pump, and why does this difference exist?
18) put these phases of the cardiac cycle in the correct order.
1> opening of the semilunar valves
2> isovolumic contraction
3> beginning of atrial systole
4> closure of the av valves
5> completion of ventricular filling
6> beginning of ventricular systole
7> ventricular relaxation
8> ventricular ejection
a) 4, 5, 1, 2, 7, 8, 3, 6
b) 3, 2, 6, 1, 4, 5, 8, 7
c) 3, 5, 6, 4, 2, 1, 8, 7
d) 3, 5, 6, 1, 8, 4, 2, 7
e) 3, 2, 6, 4, 5, 8, 7, 1
19) a vaccine has recently been developed that can prevent infection by the human
papillomavirus. this vaccine is available to young girls. what disease could this virus
prevent? why may some parents hesitate to have their daughters receive this vaccine?
20) describe cerebrospinal fluid flow from secretion to absorption.
21) on the row of cells indicated below, match a-e to the terms in the following
question.
figure 3.1
plasma membrane
22) describe the action of aspirin and opiates in pain relief. what does your answer
suggest about opiates?
23) the ________ is essentially a group of interneurons that run from the motor cortex
to the spinal cord.
24) arthur's peripheral resistance has increased by 10%. to prevent his mean arterial
pressure from changing, what factor must change to compensate, and by how much?
