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1) trace the language pathway of signals from the eye (written words) or the ear (spoken
words) to the motor cortex. discuss the two regions of the cortex involved in this
pathway. describe their location and the communication problems that can occur if there
is damage to either area.
2) hyposmotic solutions
a) have higher concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions.
b) have lower concentrations of solutes than other hyposmotic solutions.
c) have the same concentration of solutes as hyperosmotic solutions.
d) have lower concentrations of solutes than hyperosmotic solutions.
e) none of the answers are correct.
3) as blood vessel length increases,
a) resistance increases only.
b) flow decreases only.
c) friction decreases only.
d) resistance increases and flow decreases.
e) both resistance and flow increase.
4) cholesterol is
a) a precursor to steroid hormones.
b) a structural component of cell membranes.
c) a dangerous fat that is absent from a healthy body.
d) a precursor to steroid hormones and a structural component of cell membranes.
e) a precursor to steroid hormones, a structural component of cell membranes, and a
dangerous fat that is absent from a healthy body.
5) interactions between different globular or fibrous polypeptide chains result in which
type of structure?
a) primary
b) secondary
c) tertiary
d) quaternary
e) pentagonal
6) the av node is important because it
a) directs electrical impulses from the ventricles to the atria.
b) delays the transmission of the electrical impulses to the ventricles in order for the
atria to finish contracting.
c) serves as the pacemaker in a normal heart.
d) electrically opens the av valves.
e) none of these answers are correct.
7) match the terms to changes presented, assuming a resting membrane potential of -70
mv. answers may be used once, more than once, or not at all.
a. electrical polarization
b. hyperpolarization
c. depolarization
d. repolarization
e. more than one of the answers
to -70 mv from -90 mv
8) most body water is located
a) in plasma.
b) in interstitial fluid.
c) inside cells.
d) in lumens of organs open to the outside.
9) which ion(s) is/are higher in concentration inside the cell compared to outside?
a) potassium
b) sodium
c) chloride
d) calcium
e) more than one of the answers is correct.
10) define anemia, and explain how it is the same or different from hypoxemia. give
examples of three different types of anemia and a brief synopsis of each kind. is sickle
cell disease a true anemia? explain your answer. when sickle cell disease is fatal, what
is the cause of death?
11) which of the following will increase flow in a vessel the most?
a) decrease length by 1 unit
b) increase radius by 1 unit
c) decrease viscosity by 1 unit
d) all have the same effect on flow.
12) hormones acting through signal transduction pathways elicit a ________ response
compared to hormones that produce genomic effects.
a) faster
b) slower
c) equal
13) the origin is the end of the skeletal muscle that attaches to the
a) more stationary bone.
b) more mobile bone.
c) tendon.
d) ligament.
14) match each substance with its primary mode of transport across the kidney
epithelium.
a. transcytosis
b. active transport
c. symport with a cation
d. passive reabsorption/diffusion
urea
15) which of the following statements is true?
a) glucose and galactose absorption uses an apical na+-glucose sglt symporter.
b) fructose moves across the apical membrane by active transport.
c) glucose and galactose use different transporters in absorption.
d) a basolateral glut5 transporter moves glucose out of the intestinal epithelial cell.
e) none of the statements are true.
16) match the glial cell to the nervous system division in which it is found.
a. central nervous system
b. peripheral nervous system
ependymal cells
17) digestive reflexes originating in the cns are called ________.
18) if sensitization is the opposite of habituation, and sensitization is adaptive, would
habituation be considered maladaptive? why or why not?
19) list and describe the lung volumes.
20) the inability for a male to obtain or sustain an erection is called ________.
21) what seems to be the most likely hormone that we could use as a male contraceptive
pill? explain.
22) explain how an animal with a paralyzing spinal injury can be induced to walk,
though it can't walk on its own. diagram and label the structures involved. (hint: keep it
simple; for example, you could draw a rectangle and label it "right leg muscle" and
another for the left, and don't worry about drawing all neurons involved, just enough to
show you understand the basics. you may wish to start with a simple sketch of a muscle
reflex then add on to it as necessary.)
23) draw a graph showing what would happen to resting membrane potential over time,
if the sodium/potassium pump were not functioning. how would this affect a neuron's
ability to produce action potentials? what does this imply about the quantity of ions that
normally cross the membrane during the course of an action potential?
24) a diagnosis of thyroid cancer may be treated with removal of the thyroid gland.
which hormone or hormones may now be deficient? considering each hormone
individually, which ones should be restored and why? explain any age-related
considerations. which nonthyroid hormone may be affected by careless thyroidectomy?
explain your answer, indicating whether or not it is critical to maintain this hormone.
25) a rupture of a blood vessel in the brain is called ________ and may cause the loss of
neurological function commonly called ________.
26) how do kidneys alter urine concentration?
