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1) which of the following occurs during days 15-28 of the menstrual cycle?
a) proliferative phase
b) ovulation
c) menstruation
d) secretory phase
2) match the disease with the description.
a. addison's disease
b. cushing's disease
c. graves' disease
d. paget's disease
hyperthyroidism
3) provide three reasons for the greater visual acuity at the fovea.
4) if cardiac output increases and resistance in arterioles does not change, what happens
to arterial blood pressure?
a) increases
b) decreases
c) is unchanged
5) based on the facts about chemical equilibria in animal systems, indicate for each
summary reaction below if it is reversible or irreversible (don't worry about balancing
the reactions). explain the lack of reversibility. in what kind of system would the
reaction(s) you selected as irreversible be reversible? explain.
a. c6h12o6 co2 + h2o
b. adp + pi atp
c. h2o + co2 h2co3
6) the following is a list of structures of the male reproductive tract.
1> ductus deferens
2> urethra
3> ejaculatory duct
4> epididymis
identify the order in which sperm pass through these structures from the testes to the
penis.
a) 1, 3, 4, 2
b) 4, 3, 1, 2
c) 4, 1, 2, 3
d) 4, 1, 3, 2
e) 1, 4, 3, 2
7) match the change in gas composition with the response (disregard weak responses).
a. po2 increases.
b. pco2 increases.
c. po2 decreases.
d. pco2 decreases.
distinguish between cellular and external respiration.
8) the subepithelial connective tissue of the gi tract, immediately beneath the
epithelium, is the
a) muscularis mucosae.
b) lamina propria.
c) submucosa.
d) serosa.
e) submucosal plexus.
9) aldosterone
a) is secreted in response to elevated levels of sodium in the blood.
b) promotes sodium retention in the kidneys.
c) helps decrease blood volume.
d) increases the concentration of sodium in urine.
e) functions in ph regulation.
10) presynaptic facilitation makes a pathway
a) less likely to be in use, just through hyperpolarization of selected neurons.
b) more likely to be in use, just through depolarization of selected neurons.
c) capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning.
d) less likely to be in use, just through hyperpolarization of selected neurons and
capable of alteration, just through training and conditioning.
e) more likely to be in use, just through depolarization of selected neurons and capable
of alteration, just through training and conditioning.
11) which of the following cytoskeleton components are responsible for the movement
of chromosomes during cell division?
a) microfilaments
b) intermediate filaments
c) thick filaments
d) microtubules
e) all of the answers are correct.
12) match each leukocyte to its normal percentage in a differential cell count.
a. 50-70%
b. 20-40%
c. 2-8%
d. 1-4%
e. < 1%
neutrophils
13) epinephrine and norepinephrine that are released from the adrenal glands affect
target tissue for a longer period of time than the same substances released from neurons
at their peripheral receptors. why?
a) the adrenal gland releases larger amounts of the neurotransmitters than the neurons.
b) the hormones released from the adrenal glands bind to different receptors than those
released from neurons.
c) there are no enzymes to break down epinephrine and norepinephrine in the blood and
very little in peripheral tissues.
d) the effectors are less sensitive to epinephrine and norepinephrine released by the
adrenal glands.
e) the epinephrine and norepinephrine from the adrenal glands are released by
sympathetic neurons, whereas parasympathetic neurons release these substances at the
effector organs.
14) opsonins function by
a) poisoning and killing invading cells.
b) marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes can find and ingest them.
c) digesting invading cells directly.
d) poisoning and killing invading cells and marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes
can find and ingest them.
e) poisoning and killing invading cells, marking or tagging pathogens so phagocytes
can find and ingest them, and digesting invading cells directly.
15) which statement is not true regarding cardiac muscle?
a) cardiac muscle cells must obey the all-or-none law of contraction.
b) cardiac muscle cells rely on a sarcoplasmic reticulum for storage of ca2+ ions.
c) calcium-induced calcium release is the process by which extracellular ca2+ triggers
the release of stored ca2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
d) intercalated disks contain both desmosomes for firm attachment and gap junctions to
allow communication.
e) the oxygen demand of cardiac muscle cells is high because they have many
mitochondria.
16) a free radical is a
a) charged particle.
b) molecule with an extra electron.
c) molecule with an extra neutron.
d) molecule with an extra proton.
e) molecule with an unpaired electron.
17) somatostatin is another name for
a) growth hormone.
b) growth hormone-releasing hormone.
c) growth hormone-inhibiting hormone.
d) thyroid hormone.
e) parathyroid hormone.
18) as atp binds to the myosin head at the beginning of a muscle contraction cycle, the
myosin head immediately
a) detaches from actin.
b) initiates binding with actin.
c) tightens its bond to actin.
d) swivels.
19) an enhancement of the postsynaptic cell's response to a constant stimulus that lasts
for a period of time from hours to weeks is called
a) training.
b) consolidation.
c) long-term potentiation.
d) synchronicity.
e) synaptic plasticity.
20) food items are occasionally shown to offer protective effects to those who eat them.
garlic, for example, may improve heart health. the pungency of garlic is due to
sulfur-containing compounds. explain how these compounds are good candidates for
garlic's heart benefits.
21) describe gfr autoregulation, and explain why it is important.
22) diagram the components and interactions of the baroreceptor reflex.
23) polio is an uncommon disease in most developed countries, but prior to widespread
use of the polio vaccine, it was very common. polio is caused by a virus that infects
somatic motor neurons and destroys them. from this information, would you expect a
polio victim to lose sensation, motor control, other organ function, and/or cognitive
function? explain. while most victims of polio survive, some do not. what is the most
likely cause of death?
24) because of involvement of the ________, pain may be accompanied by emotional
distress and nausea or sweating.
25) myasthenia gravis is a disease characterized by reduction in the number of
acetylcholine receptors on skeletal muscles. which physiological process would be
affected? what would someone afflicted by this disease experience? how may this
disease be treated?
26) capillary exchange involving movement through the cells is called ________
transport.
27) uterus
28) the amplitude of an action potential depends in part on the amount of sodium in the
extracellular fluid. stanley student has carefully impaled a neuron with an intracellular
electrode. he tests the role of extracellular sodium by changing the concentration in the
bathing fluid and recording an action potential after each change. the data he generated
are shown in the table, where amplitude listed is the peak amplitude of the action
potential; make an appropriate graph.
