1) which of the following is not considered an essential element for a living organism?
a) carbon
b) hydrogen
c) mercury
d) oxygen
e) nitrogen
2) renal tubule cells in the kidney medulla are constantly exposed to high extracellular
osmolarity. how do they maintain normal cell volume?
a) they synthesize organic solutes as needed to match the osmolarity.
b) they synthesize water molecules through increased metabolism to offset volume loss.
c) they maintain a water-impermeable membrane.
d) they add or remove aquaporins as needed.
3) cell volume (and therefore cell function) in most cells is dependent upon careful
regulation of
a) volume of extracellular fluid.
b) blood pressure.
c) osmolarity of extracellular fluid.
d) permeability of cell membranes.
e) resting membrane potential.
4) activation energy is
a) the energy lost or gained in a reaction.
b) the energy required for an endergonic reaction.
c) the energy required to bring molecules into a position where they can interact.
d) required to convert an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.
5) match the structure to its description.
a. muscle spindles
b. golgi tendon organs
c. both
the motor neurons associated with intrafusal muscle fibers are referred to as ________
motor neurons.
6) a chemical synapse always includes ________.
1> axon terminal
2> presynaptic cell
3> synaptic cleft
4> postsynaptic cell
5> dendrite
a) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
b) 1, 2, 3, 4
c) 2, 3, 4
d) 2, 3, 4, 5
e) 1, 3, 4
7) an enzyme that will digest proteins into peptides is
a) lipase.
b) amylase.
c) nuclease.
d) maltase.
e) trypsin.
8) when the heart is in fibrillation,
a) the myocardial cells may become damaged from contracting too fast.
b) the myocardial cells deplete their oxygen supply because they are contracting too
fast, and the lactic acid produced damages the myocardial cells.
c) effective pumping of the ventricles ceases because the myocardial cells fail to work
as a team, and the brain cannot get adequate oxygen.
d) the myocardial cells are contracting together as they should; fibrillation indicates a
normal sinus rhythm of 75 beats per minute.
e) there is no contraction of the myocardium.
9) compartmentation refers to
a) pairing together isozymes that perform similar reactions.
b) grouping related enzymes into specific organelles.
c) separating substrates into chemical classes.
d) dividing metabolic reactions into groups for better understanding.
10) cells that help to regulate the immune response are
a) b lymphocytes.
b) plasma cells.
c) helper t cells.
d) cytotoxic t cells.
e) nk cells.
11) as the charge on the membrane of a typical neuron approaches 0 from -70 mv, the
cell is
a) only repolarizing.
b) only hyperpolarizing.
c) only depolarizing.
d) only becoming more difficult to stimulate.
e) hyperpolarizing and becoming more difficult to stimulate
12) water will always move from ________ areas to ________ areas, if there are no
impermeable barriers.
a) hyperosmotic, hyposmotic
b) hyposmotic, hyperosmotic
c) isosmotic, hyposmotic
d) hyperosmotic, isosmotic
13) in normal kidneys, blood cells and plasma proteins are
a) filtered then reabsorbed.
b) secreted then reabsorbed.
c) not filtered.
d) filtered and secreted.
14) in an experimental situation focused on the development of a new vaccine, mice
were injected with a viral antigen. their plasma was removed in order to detect the
presence of antibodies. this is an example of
a) innate immunity.
b) active immunization.
c) passive immunization.
d) natural immunity.
e) autoimmunity.
15) which statement is not true?
a) the blood supply to the kidneys comes through the renal arteries.
b) as much as one fourth of the cardiac output may flow to the kidneys at any given
moment.
c) the kidneys do not reabsorb filtered waste products.
d) the urinary bladder is filled by two ducts, called ureters, and emptied by the single
urethra.
e) women are more likely to develop urinary tract infections than men.
16) enzymes increase reaction rate by
a) lowering the activation energy of a reaction.
b) increasing the free energy in the products.
c) raising the activation energy of a reaction.
d) converting an endergonic reaction to an exergonic reaction.
17) following post-translational modification, any misfolded protein will be destroyed
by
a) ubiquitin.
b) chaperones.
c) methylation.
d) ribonucleases.
18) match the response with the type of chemical.
a. sympathetic agonist
b. parasympathetic agonist
fat breakdown
19) match the term with its description (answers may be used more than once).
a. ependymal cells
b. astrocytes
c. satellite cells
d. schwann cells
e. oligodendrocytes
f. microglia
cells in the cns that form myelin
20) there is a mixture of gases in dry air, with an atmospheric pressure of 760 mm hg.
calculate the partial pressure of each gas for the examples below:
a. 20.7% oxygen, 78.2% nitrogen, 0.4% carbon dioxide
b. 45% oxygen, 41% nitrogen, 3% carbon dioxide, 11% hydrogen
c. 79% oxygen, 15% nitrogen, 5% carbon dioxide, 1% argon
21) describe a ketogenic diet. what are the pros and cons of such a diet? how is ketosis
related to diabetes mellitus?
22) three tissues________, ________, and ________do not have traditional capillaries.
instead, they have modified vessels called ________ that are (wider/narrower) than a
capillary.
23) the ________ circuit carries blood to and from the alveoli of the lungs.
24) endolymph is a unique fluid in the cochlear duct that contains more ________ and
less ________ than the typical extracellular fluid.
25) a signal molecule that is secreted into the external environment, instead of into the
blood, is called a(n) ________.
26) a diet of pure carbohydrate would produce an rq of ________.
27) the control of voluntary movement can be divided into what three steps?
28) the condition where the skin and the whites of the eyes appear slightly yellow is
called ________.
29) bile is produced in the ________ and stored in the ________.