1) learning and memory are thought to be due to a synaptic phenomenon known as
a) inhibition.
b) excitation.
c) modulation.
d) facilitation.
e) long-term potentiation.
2) when venous return is increased, stretch receptors in the atria of the heart are
activated.
this results in
a) secretion of adh.
b) inhibition of adh secretion.
c) increased glomerular filtration.
d) decreased urine production.
e) increased thirst.
3) draw a flow chart illustrating the development of bipotential reproductive structures
in an xy individual and an xx individual, indicating the stimuli for development or
regression of the structures. add to this chart the changes that occur at puberty and their
stimuli. finally, indicate the points on the chart at which gender anomalies associated
with the following conditions occur:
a. testicular feminization or androgen insensitivity (xy genotype, permanent female
external morphology with internal testes and androgen production but faulty androgen
receptors);
b. male pseudohermaphrodites (xy genotype and external female morphology with
internal testes, and masculinization occurring at puberty);
c. congenital adrenal hyperplasia (xx genotype with normal female internal organs,
masculinized external organs observed at birth);
d. sexual development is similar in nonhuman mammals, but there are some interesting
pathologies not seen in humans. a freemartin occurs in cattle twins, with one male and
one female. the male is normal but the xx female is sterile, born masculinized, and has
testicular tissue. explain the most likely cause of this masculinized phenotype, and
indicate on your chart the point or points at which something abnormal occurred.
4) the function of red blood cells is to
a) remove carbon dioxide from the lungs.
b) remove nitrogenous wastes from active tissues.
c) carry oxygen from the lungs to the body’s cells.
d) carry nutrients from the digestive system to the body’s cells.
e) defend the body against infectious organisms.
5) the lumen of a hollow organ such as the stomach is considered to be part of the
________ environment.
a) internal
b) external
6) platelets function in
a) transporting chemicals important for clotting.
b) forming temporary patches in injured areas.
c) contraction after clot formation.
d) initiating the clotting process.
e) all of the answers are correct.
7) match the following terms to the correct answer:
a. tricuspid valve
b. bicuspid valve
c. aortic valve
d. pulmonary valve
a semilunar valve that has the right ventricle on one side
8) shrinkage of hepatocytes in the liver causes them to cause which of the following?
a) glycogen production only
b) glycogen breakdown only
c) protein synthesis only
d) both glycogen production and protein synthesis
e) both glycogen breakdown and protein synthesis
9) select the corresponding category:
a. membranous organelle
b. inclusion
cilium
10) during starvation, steroid hormones trigger the transcription of genes for lipid
metabolism in their target cells. this would be an example of control by
a) negative feedback.
b) positive feedback.
c) repressors.
d) inducers.
e) alternative splicing.
11) in the reaction shown, identify the role of each of the participants.
co2 + h2o h2co3
a. enzyme
b. substrate(s)
c. product(s)
co2 + h2o
12) define implicit and explicit memory.
13) what are the two ways of bicarbonate reabsorption in the proximal tubule?
14) how does the function of dendritic spines in the cns differ from dendrites in the pns?
15) cancer chemotherapy is designed to destroy cancer cells, but adversely affects
healthy tissues as well; thus the oncologist has the difficult task of killing the cancer
without killing the patient. what side effects are expected from destruction of blood
cells?
16) in hemostasis, vasoconstriction is rapidly followed by mechanical blockage of the
hole by a ________.
17) why is it necessary for fast axonal transport to go both forward and backward?
18) molecules that do not dissolve in water are called ________.