Organizational Behavior 16th Edition

The principle of ________ helps preserve the concept of an unbroken line of authority. A) span of control B) departmentalization C) cross-functionality D) centralization E) unity of command Answer: E Explanation: E) Chain of command can't be discussed without also discussing unity of command. The principle of unity of command helps preserve the concept of an

According to McClelland's theory of needs, when jobs have a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback and an intermediate degree of risk, high achievers are strongly motivated. Answer: TRUE Explanation: According to McClelland's theory of needs, when jobs have a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback and an intermediate

Tabby Tolman is a project coordinator at Tristar Solutions. Whenever a new project comes her way, she holds a project meeting and follows it up with repeated meetings to address any concerns the team members may have and to monitor their progress. However, with the peak of the business season

________ is a dimension of intellectual ability which refers to the ability to understand what is read or heard and the relationship of words to each other. A) Lateral masking B) Verbal comprehension C) Depth perception D) Spatial visualization E) Visual perception Answer: B Explanation: B) Verbal comprehension is a dimension of intellectual ability which refersto

You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________. A) stereotyping B) self-serving bias C) halo effect D) selective perception E) contrast effect Answer: D Explanation: D) Because we can't observe everything going on about us, we engage in selective perception. Selective perception allows us to 'speed-read" others. Due to selectiveperception,

________ is a systematic effort to make an organization leaner by selling off business units, closing locations, or reducing staff. A) Removing boundaries B) Departmentalizing C) Decentralizing D) Downsizing E) Formalizing Answer: D Explanation: D) The goal of the new organizational forms is to improve agility by creating a lean, focused, and flexible organization. Companies may

Which of the following is an example of the affective component of an attitude? A) believing that one achieved all objectives of a project B) relying on the information of a company's annual report C) perceiving whistle-blowing as the right thing to do D) feeling hurt at being unfairly accused of a wrongdoing E) deciding

In a negotiation between a man and a woman, we would expect the woman to ________ than the man. A) act more assertively B) show higher self-interest C) be more accommodating D) place a higher value on the economic outcome E) be more proactive in getting negotiations underway Answer: C Explanation: C) Compared to men, women

Attribution theory suggests that when we observe an individual's behavior, we attempt to determine whether it was internally or externally caused. That determination, however, depends largely on three factors. Which of the following is one of these three factors? A) traceability B) consistency C) verifiability D) relatedness E) affect intensity Answer: B Explanation: B) Attribution theory

Which of the following conflict-handling intentions is assertive and uncooperative? A) compromising B) avoiding C) competing D) collaborating E) accommodating Answer: C Explanation: C) The conflict-handling intention of competing is assertive and uncooperative. Answer: C Explanation: C) The conflict-handling intention of competing is assertive and uncooperative. Answer: C Explanation: C) The conflict-handling intention of competing is assertive and

Sonia Soans is corporate trainer. One of her favorite ways to start a training program is to present a case study and encourage members to think of the case in depth and discuss it amongst each other. Using the results of the activity, she understands the baseline measures of the group's

Letters of recommendation are a form of background check. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Letters of recommendation are a form of background check. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Letters of recommendation are a form of background check. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Letters of recommendation are a form of background check. The goal of a work group is to share

The job characteristics model describes any job in terms of five core job dimensions, and these five dimensions are skill variety, task significance, recognition, reward, and feedback. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The job characteristics model describes any job in terms of five core job dimensions, and these five dimensions are skill variety,

Most training is directed at upgrading and improving an employee's ________ skills. A) financial B) technical C) problem-solving D) interpersonal E) social Answer: B Explanation: B) Most training is directed at upgrading and improving an employee's technical skills, increasingly important for two reasons: new technology and new structuraldesigns in the organization. Answer: B Explanation: B) Most training

Emily Boyce, a project manager at an insurance firm, regularly satisfices while making decisions. She often comes across complicated problems which would take a long time to resolve. Due to the pressing deadlines, she often meets project goals by satisficing a large number of her decisions. Which of the following

Role expectations at work are often conveyed through the psychological contract. Answer: TRUE Explanation: In the workplace, we look at role expectations through the perspectiveof the psychological contract: an unwritten agreement that exists between employees and employer. This agreement sets out mutual expectations: what management expects from workers and vice versa. Answer:

Which of the following best describes spatial visualization? A) the ability to imagine how an object would look if its position were changed B) the ability to retain and recall or remember past experiences C) the ability to identify visual similarities and differences quickly and accurately D) the ability to understand what is read

During the ________ stage, a new employee compares his or her expectations with the realities in the organization. A) prearrival B) encounter C) metamorphosis D) post-arrival E) post-encounter Answer: B Explanation: B) On entry into the organization, the new member enters the encounter stage and confronts the possibility that expectations, about the job, co-workers, the boss,

The situational leadership theory focuses on follower readiness to determine the appropriate leadership behavior. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Situational leadership theory (SLT) focuses on the followers. It says successful leadership depends on selecting the right leadership style contingent on the followers' readiness, or the extent to which they are willing and able

Experience on the job tends to be positively related to work stress. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Experience on the job tends to be negatively related to work stress. Voluntary turnover is more probable among people who experience more stress. Therefore,people who remain with an organization longer are those with more stress-resistant traits

To be effective, an employee involvement program must ________. A) rightsize the company by eliminating obsolete positions B) incorporate the unique demands of different cultures C) mandatorily establish work councils in the company D) eliminate the influence of employees in managerial decision making E) implement autocratic ways of handling its employees Answer: B Explanation: B) Employee

According to Douglas McGregor's Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees ________. A) need to be directed B) prefer to be controlled C) learn to accept responsibility D) need to be micromanaged E) attempt to avoid work Answer: C Explanation: C) According to Theory Y, managers assume employees can view work as being as natural as

Using a single outcome measure is recommended when designing a performance evaluation system. Answer: FALSE Explanation: The use of a single outcome measure encourages individuals to do whatever is necessary to present oneself favorably on that measure, but that often occurs atthe cost of good performance on other important parts of

"Voice" is an active and constructive response to dissatisfaction. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Voice response is the dissatisfaction expressed through active and constructive attempts to improve conditions. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Voice response is the dissatisfaction expressed through active and constructive attempts to improve conditions. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Voice response is the dissatisfaction expressed through

In high-context cultures, directness is valued more than trust. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Communication in high-context cultures implies considerably more trust by both parties. On the other hand, low-context cultures value directness. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Communication in high-context cultures implies considerably more trust by both parties. On the other hand, low-context cultures value

Which of the following resistances to change is implicit? A) strike B) increased error C) resignation D) complaint E) work slowdown Answer: B Explanation: B) Resistance to change that is implicit or deferred is difficult to manage. Examples of such responses are loss of loyalty or motivation and increased errors or absenteeism. Answer: B Explanation: B) Resistance

With reference to the job characteristics model, which of the following defines task identity? A) the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work B) the degree to which work activities generate direct and clear information about performance C) the degree to which a job provides

Which of the following differentiates between high self-monitors and low self-monitors? A) High self-monitors are more likely to use defensive impression management techniques, while low self-monitors are more likely to use self-focused impression management techniques. B) High self-monitors are commonly seen in collectivist cultures, while low self-monitors are commonly seen in individualist

The chain network provides the highest accuracy of communication. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The chain network is the best if accuracy of communication is most important. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The chain network is the best if accuracy of communication is most important. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The chain network is the best if accuracy of

Low levels of virtuality in teams result in higher levels of information sharing. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Low levels of virtuality in teams result in higher levels of information sharing, but high levels of virtuality hinder it. This is because virtual teams are better at sharing unique information (information held by individual

Management of a company threatens to close a manufacturing plant in the company whose employees are resisting an across-the-board pay cut. But this threat is actually untrue. In this case, which of the following tactics of overcoming resistance to change is being used by the management? A) procedural fairness B) negotiation C) conciliation D)

John Dunker is one of the best firefighters in his squad, and he recently received an award for his outstanding performance. From this information, it may be concluded that John's job has low task significance. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Task significance is the degree to which a job affects the lives or work

Emotions tend to last for several days, for a much longer time period than moods. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Emotions are more fleeting than moods. Moods last longer than emotions-for hours or even days. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Emotions are more fleeting than moods. Moods last longer than emotions-for hours or even days. Answer: FALSE

Which of the following statements is true regarding brainstorming? A) Brainstorming encourages criticizing an idea as early as possible. B) Brainstorming overcomes the problem of "production blocking." C) Brainstorming can overcome the pressures for conformity. D) Research consistently shows that a group in a brainstorming session generates more ideas than an individual working alone. E)

Which of the following Big Five personality traits has been identified as the most important trait in effective leaders? A) conscientiousness B) openness C) extraversion D) agreeableness E) emotional stability Answer: C Explanation: C) A comprehensive review of leadership literature, when organized around the Big Five, has found extraversion to be the most important trait of

________ refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong. A) Escalation of commitment B) Fundamental attribution error C) Randomness error D) Risk aversion E) Availability bias Answer: A Explanation: A) Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it is wrong. Answer: A Explanation:

A formal mentoring program is an example of an off-the-job training method. Answer: FALSE Explanation: A formal mentoring program is an example of an on-the-job training method. Answer: FALSE Explanation: A formal mentoring program is an example of an on-the-job training method. Answer: FALSE Explanation: A formal mentoring program is an example of

The concept of ________ considers how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values. A) self-serving bias B) self-fulfilling prophecy C) self-concordance D) self-actualization E) self-efficacy Answer: C Explanation: C) A recent outgrowth of self-determination theory is self-concordance, which considers how strongly people's reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with

According to Fred Luthans and his associates, managers who are involved in networking activities are most likely to undertake which of the following? A) planning B) decision making C) controlling D) politicking E) staffing Answer: D Explanation: D) Fred Luthans and his associates studied more than 450 managers who were all engaged in four managerial activities

Which dimension of the Big Five model is a measure of reliability? A) extraversion B) agreeableness C) conscientiousness D) openness to experience E) emotional stability Answer: C Explanation: C) The conscientiousness dimension is a measure of reliability. A highly conscientious person is responsible, organized, dependable, and persistent. Those who score low on this dimension are easily

Similarity is a characteristic under the social identity theory that manifests itself in the ________. A) tendency of ingroup members to notice and emphasize identities that reflect how different they are from other groups B) tendency of people who have greater uniformity in values and characteristics to have greater group identification as well C)

If there is an inconsistency between an individual's attitude on a specific issue and his/her behavior, there are only two courses of action available-alter the attitude or alter the behavior. Answer: FALSE Explanation: If there is an inconsistency between an individual's attitude on a specific issue and his/her behavior, the individual

Synergy Inc. is a medium-sized logistics company. The management is facing tough times as the workers are dissatisfied and are engaging in a number of deviant workplace behaviors such as stealing and substance abuse during working hours. The management is considering various options to curb these counterproductive behaviors. What would be a

The ultimate source of an organization's culture is ________. A) its top management B) its environment C) the country in which the organization operates D) its founders E) the sociocultural backgrounds of its employees Answer: D Explanation: D) An organization's customs, traditions, and general way of doing things are largely due to what it has done

To retain its edge in the organic health food market, Natura has established a high-priority team comprised of senior executives from the company's production, marketing, and research divisions. These employees work together closely to study consumer attitudes about organic health foods and come up with a closely monitored development and

The more management relies on formal, collective, sequential, fixed, and serial socialization programs and emphasizes divestiture, the more likely newcomers' differences will be stripped away and replaced by standardized predictable behaviors. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The more management relies on formal, collective, sequential, fixed, and serial socialization programs and emphasizes divestiture, the

Nancy is a part of a group at work that stresses collective goals and performance. Nancy is amazed at how well the members of the team use their skills to benefit themselves and their team members. Whenever a problem arises, the team, as a whole, works to provide reasons and

Which of the following fields of study is most likely to involve studying organizational culture, formal organization theory, and structure? A) sociology B) deontology C) epistemology D) agnotology E) dysteleology Answer: A Explanation: A) Sociologists study organizational culture, formal organization theory and structure, organizational technology, communications, power, and conflict. Answer: A Explanation: A) Sociologists study organizational culture,

Excessive smoking, substance abuse, and sleep disorders are all examples of ________ symptoms of stress. A) personal B) psychological C) behavioral D) physiological E) pathological Answer: C Explanation: C) Behavior-related stress symptoms include changes in productivity, absence, and turnover, as well as changes in eating habits, increased smoking or consumption of alcohol, rapid speech, fidgeting, and

Which of the following is typically a characteristic of an organic model of organization? A) narrow spans of control B) centralization C) free flow of information D) high formalization E) inflexibility Answer: C Explanation: C) The organic model of organization has cross-hierarchical teams, wide spans of control, decentralized management, low formalization and free flow of information.

Appreciative inquiry refers to a change process based on the systematic collection of data and selection of a change action based on what the analyzed data indicates. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Action research is a change process based on the systematic collection of data and selection of a change action based on

Negotiation is a process that begins when one party perceives that another party has negatively affected, or is about to negatively affect, something that the first party cares about. Answer: FALSE Explanation: We can define negotiation as a process that occurs when two or more parties decide how to allocate scarce

Problems such as lack of trust or lack of sharing information among team members in a competitive group can be swiftly changed by rewarding collective performance over individual performance. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Teams that switch from a competitive to a cooperative system do not immediately share information, and they still tend

The term affect intensity refers to the individual differences in the strength with which individuals experience their emotions. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The term affect intensity refers to the individual differences in the strength with which individuals experience their emotions. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The term affect intensity refers to the individual differences in

The conflict-handling intention of accommodating is ________. A) assertive and uncooperative B) assertive and cooperative C) unassertive and uncooperative D) unassertive and cooperative E) reflective and assertive Answer: D Explanation: D) Accommodating intentions are unassertive and cooperative. Answer: D Explanation: D) Accommodating intentions are unassertive and cooperative. Answer: D Explanation: D) Accommodating intentions are unassertive and cooperative. In the

Communication apprehension applies to oral and written communication. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Communication apprehension refers to undue tension and anxiety about oral communication, written communication, or both. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Communication apprehension refers to undue tension and anxiety about oral communication, written communication, or both. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Communication apprehension refers to undue tension

________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment. A) Sensation B) Impression C) Apprehension D) Attribution E) Perception Answer: E Explanation: E) Perception is defined as a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to

Stressors associated with workload, pressure to complete tasks, and time urgency are examples of hindrance stressors. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Stressors associated with workload, pressure to complete tasks, and time urgency are examples of challenge stressors. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Stressors associated with workload, pressure to complete tasks, and time urgency are examples of

The more scarce, dynamic, and complex the environment, the more organic a structure should be. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Organizations that operate in environments characterized as scarce, dynamic, and complex face the greatest degree of uncertainty because they have high unpredictability, little room for error, and a diverse set of elements in

Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior. Answer: TRUE Explanation:

According to Maslow, a need that is substantially satisfied no longer motivates. Answer: TRUE Explanation: According to Maslow, although no need is ever fully gratified, a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates. Answer: TRUE Explanation: According to Maslow, although no need is ever fully gratified, a substantially satisfied need no longer motivates. Answer:

________ is a collection of change methods that seek to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being. A) Organizational development B) Organizational polarization C) Operant conditioning D) Organizational restructuring E) Action research Answer: A Explanation: A) Organizational development (OD) is a collection of change methods that try to improve organizational effectiveness and employee well-being. OD methods value

A test that measures factors such as dependability, carefulness, responsibility, and honesty is referred to as a task variability test. Answer: FALSE Explanation: As ethical problems have increased in organizations, integrity tests have gained popularity. These paper-and-pencil tests measure factors such as dependability, carefulness, responsibility, and honesty; they have proven to

Intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration are likely to be seen in the management by exception (active) style of leadership. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Intellectual stimulation and individualized consideration are likely to be seen in the transformational style of leadership, while management by exception (activeor passive) is a transactional style of leadership. Answer: FALSE

Jeremy Samuels works in a police department in California. His job often requires him to observe clues that criminals leave behind. His job is to analyze these clues, which helps the department catch the criminal. Which of the following dimensions of intellectual ability does Samuels most likely have? A) spatial visualization B)

Sexual harassment is more likely to occur when there are small power differentials. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Sexual harassment is more likely to occur when there are large powerdifferentials. The supervisor-employee dyad best characterizes an unequal power relationship, where formal power gives the supervisor the capacity to reward and coerce. Because employees

In countries that are more politically unstable, employees seem to demonstrate greater tolerance of intense political processes in the workplace Answer: TRUE Explanation: Cultural differences determine how employees accept political behavior in an organization. In countries that are more politically unstable, employees seem to demonstrate greater tolerance of intense political processes

________ is a condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual's processing capacity. A) Information scarcity B) Information richness C) Information architecture D) Information inequity E) Information overload Answer: E Explanation: E) Information overload is a condition in which information inflow exceeds an individual's processing capacity. Answer: E Explanation: E) Information overload is a condition in which information

Hispanics can be of any race. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The U.S. Bureau of the Census classifies individuals according to seven broad racial categories: American Indian and Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, Some Other Race, White, and Twoor More Races. An ethnicity distinction is

What factor would most likely increase the negative impact of an arbitration session? A) limited options of the arbitrator B) heavy-handedness of the arbitrator C) compulsory nature of the arbitration D) voluntary nature of the arbitration E) establishment of an agreement that is nonbinding Answer: B Explanation: B) Whether or not there is a negative side

Due process systems provide individuals with adequate notice of what is expected of them. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The concept of due process can be applied to appraisals to increase theperception that employees are being treated fairly. Three features characterize due process systems: (1) individuals are provided with adequate notice of what

Rene Cox works as a media officer in a global forest protection organization. Her job requires her to interact with a large number of people from the press with whom she needs to establish strong professional relationships. This requires her to remember a large number of people's names and the

Participative management is characterized by the symbolic representation of employees in work councils and board meetings. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Participative management programs are characterized by joint decision making, in which subordinates share a significant degree of decision-making power with their immediate superiors. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Participative management programs are characterized by joint decision

The advantages of oral communication are speed and feedback. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The advantages of oral communication are speed and feedback. Written communication is more time consuming than oral communication. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The advantages of oral communication are speed and feedback. Written communication is more time consuming than oral communication. Answer: TRUE

Which of the following statements is true regarding conflict? A) The smaller the group, the greater the likelihood of conflict. B) The less specialized the activities of the group, the greater the likelihood of conflict. C) People low in the personality traits of disagreeableness, neuroticism, or self-monitoring are more likely to engage in

Ingroup favoritism does not adversely affect people of the out-group. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Ingroup favoritism means we see members of our ingroup as better than other people and people not in our group as all the same. This leads to a lot of stereotyping. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Ingroup favoritism means we see

According to the path-goal theory, directive leadership is likely to be welcomed and accepted by employees with high ability or considerable experience. Answer: FALSE Explanation: One of the predictions of the path-goal theory is that directive leadership is likely to be perceived as redundant among employees with high ability or considerable

Samantha Barnes is an emergency medical technician. Recently, during an emergency call, she was able to resuscitate a man who had a cardiac arrest. Subsequently, she spent some time calming the 12-year-old daughter of the patient and looked after her till the rest of the patient's family arrived at the hospital.

The need for cognition is a personality trait of individuals who are most likely to be persuaded by evidence and facts. Answer: TRUE Explanation: The need for cognition is a personality trait of individuals who are most likely to be persuaded by evidence and facts. Those who are lower in need

When an appraiser rates employees based on items on a continuum with the points reflecting actual behaviors on a given job, this type of evaluation is called ________. A) BARS B) critical incident C) graphic rating scale D) group order ranking E) assessment center evaluation Answer: A Explanation: A) Behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) combine major

Hank Murphy was selected to develop an advanced personal communication device with his own self-managed work team. Hank was assured that resource allocation and timelines were flexible for this project provided the work was a cut above that provided by the rest of the employees. As a part of the

Unwanted physical touching is an overt form of sexual harassment. Answer: TRUE Explanation: Overt forms of sexual harassment include unwanted physical touching, recurring requests for dates when it is made clear the person isn't interested, and coercive threats that a person will lose his or her job for refusing a sexual

________ is a process that helps new employees adapt to the prevailing organizational culture. A) Satisficing B) Reciprocal interdependence C) Socialization D) Formalization E) Social loafing Answer: C Explanation: C) No matter how good a job the organization does in recruiting and selection, new employees are not fully indoctrinated in the organization's culture and can disrupt

High Machs do exceptionally well in jobs which are administrative in nature and do not involve face-to-face communication. Answer: FALSE Explanation: High Machs flourish (1) when they interact face-to-face with others rather than indirectly; (2) when the situation has minimal rules and regulations, allowing latitude for improvisation; and (3) when emotional involvement

A manager doing performance appraisals gives more weight to recent employee behaviors than to behaviors of 6 or 9 months earlier. This shows that the manager's perception is affected by a(n) ________ bias. A) self-serving bias B) availability C) impact D) distinction E) hindsight Answer: B Explanation: B) Availability bias refers to the tendency for people

Which of the following represents the major determinants of group development and functioning as depicted by the punctuated-equilibrium model? A) better perspectives and patterns B) group solidarity and collectivist goals C) promotion of diversity D) deadlines and time constraints E) role perception and expectation Answer: D Explanation: D) The punctuated-equilibrium model characterizes groups as exhibiting long

The two most common forms of representative participation are ________ and board representatives. A) quality circles B) work councils C) employee unions D) task teams E) cross-functional teams Answer: B Explanation: B) The two most common forms of representative participation are work councils and board representatives. Answer: B Explanation: B) The two most common forms of representative

A pure piece-rate plan provides no base salary and pays the employee only for what he or she produces. Answer: TRUE Explanation: A pure piece-rate plan provides no base salary and pays the employee only for what he or she produces. Answer: TRUE Explanation: A pure piece-rate plan provides no base salary

Activities that are formal or sedentary are more strongly associated with increases in positive mood than activities that are physical, informal, or epicurean. Answer: FALSE Explanation: Activities that are physical, informal, or epicurean are more strongly associated with increases in positive mood than activities that are formal or sedentary. Answer: FALSE Explanation: