Infants, Children, and Adolescents 8th Edition

In Mr. Naffie's Vygotskian classroom, he guides children's learning with explanations, demonstrations, and verbal prompts, tailoring his interventions to each child's zone of proximal development. This is an example of the Vygotskian principle of A)peer collaboration. B)discovery learning. C)independent exploration. D)assisted discovery. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which of the following statements about social

Which of the following statements about children's emergent literacy is true? A)Many preschoolers think that each letter in a person's signature represents a separate name. B)Most preschoolers realize that a single letter does not stand for a whole word. C)As early as the preschool years, children are able to distinguish between drawing and

In James Galloway and Esther Thelen's microgenetic study following babies from their first attempts until skill mastery, the infants A)scooted before crawling. B)first explored the toys with their feet. C)violated the proximodistal trend. D)required adult instruction to acquire motor skills. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Separation protest declines during which of Bowlby's phases? A)preattachment B)"attachment

Grace, a third grader, is beginning to get many of her permanent teeth. Her mom is concerned because Grace's permanent teeth seem much too large. What can you tell Grace's mom? A)Grace's permanent teeth will appear shorter as they 'settle" in to her jaw. B)As Grace loses all 24 of her primary

Lincoln, a 20-year-old American woman, is asked: "Do you consider yourself to have reached adulthood?" Lincoln probably responds A)"I haven't really thought about it." B)"No, I'm not a true adult." C)"Yes and no. It depends." D)"Yes, I am truly an adult." Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Encouraging students to __________ and making sure they

Which of the following statements is supported by research on nutrition? A)Restricting access to tasty foods is an effective way to get young children to eat healthy foods. B)Adding salt or sugar is an easy way to get children to eat healthy foods. C)Offering bribes is an effective way to get preschoolers to

Parents and teens quarrel more often A)in late adolescence, as teens begin making their own life decisions, than in early and middle adolescence. B)in tribal and village societies where adolescence is recognized by a transition to adult status. C)when there is a large gap between parents' and adolescents' views of teenagers' readiness for new

Which of the following statements about adolescent sexual attitudes and behavior is true? A)Rates of extramarital sex among U.S. young people are on the rise. B)During the past 15 years, adolescents have become more liberal in their sexual beliefs. C)Girls tend to have their first intercourse earlier than boys. D)About 70 percent of sexually

Which of the following statements about morality is true? A)Adolescents and adults mention relying on intuition as their most frequent strategy for resolving moral dilemmas. B)Adolescents rarely report feeling confused or torn by temptation when confronting real-life dilemmas. C)Situational factors seem to play a very small part in people's responses to moral dilemmas. D)Real-life

Emotional self-regulation requires A)emotional contagion. B)goodness of fit. C)automatic processing of information. D)voluntary, effortful management of emotions. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which of the following common sexually transmitted infections (STIs) of adolescence is caused by a virus? A)syphilis B)herpes simplex 2 C)chlamydia D)gonorrhea Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Four- to 7-year-olds regard friendship as A)an understanding of thoughts

Dmitri, age 5, suffers from extreme emotional deprivation. He is very short in stature, shows decreased secretion of growth hormone (GH) and melatonin, has an immature skeletal age, and displays serious adjustment problems. These are typical characteristics of A)a vitamin C deficiency. B)psychosocial dwarfism. C)inadequate thyroxine. D)an iron deficiency. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B

To assess __________, researchers ask children to identify classmates whom they "like most" and "like least." A)peer acceptance B)friendship quality C)perceived popularity D)gender typing Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Baby Franklin practiced his dropping and throwing schemes, and eventually developed an understanding of height. This achievement is an example of A)organization. B)accommodation. C)equilibrium. D)assimilation. Answer: A Answer: A Answer:

Kyle pretends to drink from a toy cup. Kyle's sister, Anna, takes the same cup and tells him, "This is a hat." Kyle refuses to place the cup on his head to pretend that it is a hat. Kyle is probably A)younger than 2 years of age. B)at least 4 years old. C)less

Research on gender differences in identity development reveals that A)boys tend to focus on intimacy development before they become concerned with establishing an identity. B)girls show less sophisticated reasoning than boys in identity domains related to intimacy. C)young people of both sexes typically make progress on identity concerns before experiencing genuine intimacy in

Due to its contribution to later academic performance, readiness for kindergarten must be assessed in terms of not only academic skills but also A)language skills. B)social skills. C)emotional understanding. D)effortful control. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B When Samer was born, stimulation in his brain resulted in a massive overabundance of synapses. Neurons that were

Which of the following children can likely dress and undress without supervision? A)Shang, who is 2 years old B)Penelope, who is 3 years old C)Jason, who is 3 years old D)Lillian, who is 4 years old Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D The most frequently occurring form of Down syndrome results from A)an extra broken piece

Delinquency usually __________ over early and middle adolescence and then __________. A)declines; rises B)rises; rises further C)declines; declines further D)rises; declines Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Marcus, a cooperative, attentive child, receives more patient and sensitive interactions from his parents than they give to Erica, his distractible, inattentive sister. This is an example of

Two-year-old Camden finds only one of her shoes. She says, "I need two shoes. I have two foots!" Camden's error is an example of A)semantic bootstrapping. B)underextension. C)overregularization. D)underregularization. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Dimitri was very active in the third trimester. As a 1-year-old, he will probably A)handle frustration well. B)be very fearful. C)refuse to interact with

The most recent revision of Albert Bandura's theory places such strong emphasis on how children think about themselves and other people that he calls it a(n) __________ rather than a(n) __________ approach. A)observational learning; social-cognitive B)social-cognitive; social learning C)social learning; social-cognitive D)social learning; observational learning Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B When baby

Dramatic gains in __________ in prosperous nations have contributed to emerging adulthood. A)birth rates B)intelligence scores C)life expectancy D)state-run universities Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Twins Jillian and Wesley, 11 months old, play near each other with similar materials. However, they do not try to direct each other's activities. They are engaged in A)parallel play. B)cooperative

During middle childhood, the Eustachian tube becomes longer, narrower, and more slanted, resulting in __________ of __________. A)more frequent bouts; otitis media B)higher rates; strep throat C)lower rates; sinus infections D)reduced incidence; otitis media Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Bernadette, a participant in a longitudinal study, became quite familiar with the test over time

The capacity to __________ permits school-age children to combine their separate self-evaluations into an overall sense of self-esteem. A)master increasingly complex social challenges B)view the self in terms of stable dispositions C)understand the perspectives of others D)evaluate the behaviors and intentions of others Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Greater freedom to choose whether, when,

As vocabulary expands and pronunciation improves, A)underextensions increase. B)overextensions gradually decline. C)overextensions increase. D)underextensions replace overextensions. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Children who get along well with agemates tend to A)request an explanation when they do not understand a peer's behavior. B)attend selectively to social cues. C)hover around peers' activities. D)barge into play groups without asking. Answer: A Answer:

Compared to school-age children, adolescents are better at A)defining concrete words. B)understanding figurative language. C)taking turns in conversations. D)applying the basic rules of grammar. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Perception studies demonstrate that A)Western adults, but not infants, can detect rhythmic-pattern deviations of non-Western music. B)Western children retain the ability to detect deviations in foreign musical

In industrialized nations, depression A)occurs at the same rate in adolescence as in middle childhood. B)increases sharply from ages 12 to 16. C)occurs equally often in girls and boys. D)does not seem to affect identity development. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Which of the following statements is supported by research on infant-directed speech (IDS)? A)Deaf

Jermaine, a college sophomore, was asked, "If two people disagree on the interpretation of a poem, how would you decide which one is right?" He replied, "You'd have to ask the poet. It's his poem." Jermaine is displaying A)dualistic thinking. B)cognitive dissonance. C)relativistic thinking. D)epistemic cognition. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Donor insemination A)is commonly

In group prenatal care, A)expectant mothers are grouped by age, and each group is seen by an assigned health-care provider. B)trained leaders provide expectant mothers with a group discussion session after each medical checkup. C)expectant mothers and fathers take turns facilitating group discussions. D)whole families are included in prenatal visits, including mothers, fathers, and

When parents focus on showing their child how to improve performance, that child experiences A)less shame after failure. B)less pride after success. C)greater persistence on difficult tasks. D)self-conscious emotions intensely. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C According to Kuhn, young children faced with the sports ball problem A)are skilled at coordinating theory with evidence but fail

Which of the following statements about emerging adulthood is true? A)It is a period of development that spans from age 15 to 21 years. B)It is a period of development unique to underdeveloped nations. C)Although emerging adults have moved beyond adolescence, they have not yet fully assumed adult roles. D)It is a period of

When faced with a moral dilemma, Lydia reasons, "If you do this for me, then I'll do that for you." Kohlberg would place Lydia in the __________ orientation of moral development. A)punishment and obedience B)instrumental purpose C)"good boy-good girl" D)social-order-maintaining Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B At birth, visual structures in A)the eye are fully formed,

Which of the following statements regarding the results of the landmark Kauai study is true? A)Children born with serious birth complications will not grow into competent, well-adjusted adults unless they have supportive home environments. B)Even when the overall balance of life events tips toward the favorable side, children with serious birth problems

Most neglected children A)report feeling especially lonely compared to others. B)are just as socially skilled as average children. C)have poor cooperation skills and tend to lash out. D)report feeling unhappy about their social life. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Drawing on cross-cultural research on attachment, which of the following infants is most likely to

Which of the following statements about toddlers' vocabularies is true? A)Most children show a steady rate of word learning that continues through the preschool years. B)Toddlers undergo an initial spurt in vocabulary around 18 months. C)Toddlers transition from a faster to a slower language learning pace around 18 months. D)Young toddlers add to their

Eight-year-old Elijah is one of 32 percent of U.S. children who are A)overweight. B)obese. C)malnourished. D)morbidly obese. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A The V-chip A)violates the First Amendment right to free speech. B)remains optional for new television sets. C)is mandated in all new TV sets sold in the United States. D)serves to make offensive television programs less appealing

Television programs with __________ are associated with improved executive function, greater recall of program content, gains in vocabulary and reading skills, and more elaborate make-believe play. A)action-packed storytelling B)quick, disconnected bits of information C)slow-paced and easy-to-follow narratives D)a spoken summary of the lessons learned at the end Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Kelsey, age

Taking college courses A)has no measurable impact on formal operational reasoning. B)leads to improvements in formal operational reasoning on all kinds of tasks. C)leads to improvements in formal reasoning related to course content. D)improves propositional thought but not hypothetico-deductive reasoning. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C In a series of studies using the violation-of-expectation method,

Baby Paul's mother strokes his hair just before he eats. Now when Paul's mother strokes his hair, Paul begins to suck. The stroking is the __________, and the taste of milk is the __________. A)conditioned stimulus; neutral stimulus B)unconditioned stimulus; conditioned stimulus C)neutral stimulus; unconditioned stimulus D)neutral stimulus; conditioned response Answer: C Answer: C

Traditional classrooms have become increasingly pronounced as a result of the A)trend towards magnet schools in poor neighborhoods. B)FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education) Act. C)U.S. No Child Left Behind Act. D)Brown v. Board of Education decision. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following mothers is a good candidate for a home delivery? A)Heather,

Research on the quality and extent of child care shows that A)mother-child interaction is more favorable when children spend fewer hours in child care. B)most infants who are placed in full-time child care are insecurely attached. C)full-time, but not part-time, work during the first year is detrimental to attachment security. D)even in high-quality settings,

Alicia, a fourth grader, regularly looks after herself for two to three hours after she gets home from school and before her mother gets home from work. Alicia is a(n) A)home-based child. B)neglected child. C)self-care child. D)average child. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Dr. Singh studies the relationship between changes in the brain and

Ella has five good friends with whom she spends most of her time. This group of girls, who resemble each other in family background, attitudes, and values, is called a A)crowd. B)clique. C)club. D)peer group. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B The beginning of adolescence is marked by A)reaching full adult height. B)participation in economic life. C)puberty. D)secretion of

Preschoolers seem to use illogical reasoning A)as a coping mechanism when they greatly fear failure. B)whenever they are presented too little information to reason logically. C)only when they must grapple with unfamiliar topics. D)when adults pressure them to arrive at an answer quickly. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following statements about

Which of the following play behaviors is a cause for concern in a child? A)spending long periods of time in solitary play B)aimless wandering and hovering near peers C)simple, repetitive motor movements without objects D)kneading clay with no intent to make something Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B A researcher hangs a mobile over the

Because 5- to 7-year-olds' gross-motor skills are not fully developed, which of the following sports would be most appropriate? A)softball B)basketball C)football D)kickball Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D When mothers support their 5-year-olds' emotional development by responding sensitively and helpfully when the child is distressed, children demonstrate __________ at age 7. A)greater emotion-centered coping B)increased levels of

As Sunni plays, she says: "Where's the cup? I want the cup. Oh, there it is. Now, I need the spoon." Sunni is engaging in what researchers now call __________ speech. A)egocentric B)private C)inner D)social Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B A severe famine in the Netherlands during World War II revealed that A)the sensitive-period concept operates

Max uses the word "doll" only to refer to the rag doll he carries every day. This is an example of A)underextension. B)overextension. C)telegraphic speech. D)referential speech. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Which of the following young people is at highest risk for suicide? A)Jennifer, who is Asian American B)Claire, who is Native

Lou's parents give him feedback that is primarily negative or inconsistent. The chances are high that Lou A)will become increasingly resilient with age. B)will rely more on adults than peers to affirm his self-esteem. C)has a relatively stable, if negative, self-worth. D)feels incompetent and unloved. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Frankie is failing and

Which of the following statements about individual differences in motor skills during early childhood is true? A)Girls can run slightly faster than boys. B)Girls can broad-jump slightly farther than boys. C)Girls have an edge over boys in fine-motor skills. D)Girls are ahead of boys in skills that emphasize force. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which

The genetic variability produced by meiosis is A)rare. B)male dominant. C)adaptive. D)female dominant. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Johann's father and grandfather were fishermen, and so he has decided to be a fisherman, too. Which identity status characterizes Johann? A)identity achievement B)identity foreclosure C)identity moratorium D)identity diffusion Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Around 2 months, babies A)can keep track

Phelan is a junior in college and, after taking several classes in education, psychology, and music, is now ready to declare his major as music education. After college, he plans to become an instrumental music teacher. Phelan is in the __________ phase of the realistic period of vocational development. A)epiphany B)tentative C)exploration D)crystallization Answer: D

Arthur's vocabulary consists mainly of words that refer to objects. Like most toddlers, he uses A)an expressive style. B)infant-directed speech (IDS). C)a referential style. D)an authoritative style. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Compared with Caucasian-American families, African-American families A)express more conflict over girls reaching sexual maturity. B)treat menarche as an important milestone. C)show boys

Because individuals show uneven ability across academic subjects, definitions of giftedness have been expanded to include A)resourcefulness. B)divergence. C)achievement. D)talent. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which of the following statements about identity development in adolescence is true? A)Once adolescents enter an identity status, they tend to remain in that status until middle adulthood. B)Most adolescents change

Kyle recognizes and classifies all varieties of animals and plants. According to Gardner, Kyle excels in __________ intelligence. A)spatial B)naturalist C)linguistic D)logico-mathematical Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Young children learning Chinese, Japanese, and Korean acquire __________ more readily than their English-speaking agemates. A)proper nouns B)verbs C)object nouns D)modifiers Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Children as young as age 2

Three-year-old Cara knows that her mother will pick her up from preschool every day after snacktime. Cara seeks comfort from her mother whenever she is in an unfamiliar or stressful situation. These examples show that Cara has developed A)an internal working model. B)effortful control. C)interactional synchrony. D)a categorical self. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A A

Which of the following is a cause of malocclusion? A)sleeping with a bottle B)eating too many sweets C)wearing braces D)crowding of permanent teeth Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which of the following statements about the psychoanalytic perspective and the development of morality is true? A)Freud believed that young children form a superego by internalizing the

The United States has experienced a(n) __________ in divorces over the past fifteen years, largely due to __________. A)increase; increases in family size B)increase; heightened economic stress C)decline; improved economic stability D)decline; a rise in the age at first marriage Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D At birth, Megan weighed 9.5 pounds. Research shows that she

Only children __________ than children with siblings. A)do poorer in school B)are somewhat closer to their parents C)have lower achievement motivation D)have fewer close, high-quality friends Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Which of the following facelike drawings is newborn Rori most likely to prefer? A)one with the features arranged upright B)one with the features arranged upside

Which of the following resources is known to foster resilience in middle childhood? A)strict parental discipline B)maternal employment C)extracurricular school activities D)teachers who emphasize achievement Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following is a reason why attempts to help children and youths have been difficult to realize in the United States? A)Public policies

Mel wonders when he will be able to find out the sex of his baby. You tell him that he should be able to detect the sex of the fetus with ultrasound by the __________ week of pregnancy. A)ninth B)twelfth C)fifteenth D)eighteenth Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Which of the following statements about anoxia

The newborn's capacity to imitate A)has primarily been observed in Western cultures. B)disappears by two weeks of age. C)has been demonstrated in many ethnic groups and cultures. D)is limited to tongue protrusions. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Andre received a combined Apgar score of 5. This means that Andre A)is in good physical condition. B)needs

Because participants are measured only once in the cross-sectional design, researchers need not be concerned about such difficulties as __________ and __________. A)cohort effects; practice effects B)selective attrition; cohort effects C)cohort effects; biased sampling D)participant dropout; practice effects Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which of the following statements about sex differences is true? A)Rates of

Rick has overly high self-esteem, despite his academic difficulties and status as a social outcast. When another student challenges his arrogant behavior, Rick is likely to A)withdraw and become depressed. B)lash out in anger. C)respond with relational aggression. D)ignore the student. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Extended education, delayed career entry, and later marriage

Caitlyn, age 4, can probably A)tie her shoes. B)ride a bicycle with training wheels. C)draw a person with six parts. D)use a fork effectively. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D In most industrialized nations, the secular gain in A)boys' height and weight outpaces girls'. B)height is continuing. C)weight has slowed. D)weight is continuing. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services advises A)exclusive breastfeeding for the first 2 years. B)exclusive breastfeeding for the first 3 months. C)inclusion of breast milk in the baby's diet until at least 1 year. D)weaning from breast milk by age 6 months. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Javier's father works

Socialist George Herbert Mead proposed that a __________ emerges when children adopt a view of the self that resembles others' attitudes toward the child. A)sense of doubt B)well-organized psychological self C)superiority complex D)strong sense of guilt Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B According to Piaget, organization takes place A)internally. B)externally. C)through direct contact with the environment. D)when new schemes

Eight-year-old Ayanna is asked to rate herself on personality traits. Ayanna rates herself as ambitious, competitive, cheerful, and soft-spoken. Ayanna has a(n) __________ gender identity. A)"feminine" B)"masculine" C)androgynous D)stereotypical Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C After age 8, girls begin __________ at a faster rate than boys. A)accumulating fat B)adding muscle C)pruning synapses D)upper body growth Answer: A Answer: A

Teenage alcohol and drug use rates in the United States have __________ since the mid-1990s. A)risen sharply B)slowly increased C)slowly decreased D)substantially declined Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D In a __________ design, participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they get older. A)correlational B)longitudinal C)cross-sectional D)sequential Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Marilyn is pursuing a career

When parents and coaches emphasize __________, young athletes enjoy sports more and perceive themselves as more competent at their chosen sport. A)awards B)competition C)scores D)effort Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Compared to their U.S. agemates, Dutch babies A)are put to bed later. B)sleep, on average, 2 hours less per day. C)sleep, on average, 2 hours more per

During Zola's third month of pregnancy, she should A)be able to feel the baby move. B)avoid regular exercise. C)be able to hear the baby's heartbeat through a stethoscope. D)be able to tell when the baby is alert. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C On Halloween, four teenagers separately set out to smash pumpkins.

Carol lives in Wyoming and works for a small company with 12 employees. Carol hopes to take 12 weeks of maternity leave. What advice can you give Carol? A)The United States mandates 12 weeks of paid maternity leave for all new mothers. B)Federal law mandating unpaid maternity leave does not apply to

Which of the following statements is supported by research on gender differences in intellectual performance? A)In early childhood, boys are slightly ahead of girls in verbal ability, a trend which continues into adolescence. B)Throughout childhood and adolescence, girls do better than boys at abstract mathematical problem solving. C)By adolescence, girls are far ahead

According to Bowlby, out of their experiences during the four attachment phases, children A)learn autonomy and develop self-soothing because they learn that the caregiver cannot be relied upon during stress. B)move from secure attachment to insure attachment and, over time, back again to secure attachment. C)construct enduring an affectionate tie to the caregiver

Baby Alfredo looks more intensely at a checkerboard with large black and white squares rather than one with smaller gray and white squares. Alfredo is demonstrating A)contrast sensitivity. B)sensitivity to pictorial depth cues. C)proprioception. D)sensitivity to the visual cliff. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A When teachers __________, first graders show greater literacy progress. A)focus on

In induced labors, __________ than in naturally occurring labors. A)medication is likely to be used in smaller amounts B)the rate of cesarean delivery is less C)contractions are harder and closer together D)the chances of an instrument delivery are less Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Newborn babies respond with __________ to too much or too

Which of the following statements about cognitive changes in emerging adulthood is true? A)Pruning of synapses and myelination of stimulated neural fibers continue at a faster pace than in adolescence. B)Fine-tuning of the prefrontal cognitive control network is complete by age 20 to 22. C)As young people become increasingly proficient in a chosen field

Membership in a crowd A)promotes intimate interaction with the other sex. B)grants adolescents an identity within the larger social structure of the school. C)encourages delinquency and antisocial behavior. D)has little impact, either positive or negative, on social development. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Which of the following demonstrates how children's gender schemas are likely

Dr. Mastick believes that language is a uniquely human accomplishment etched into the structure of the brain. Dr. Mastick's views are consistent with which theory of language development? A)behaviorism B)nativism C)interactionism D)psychoanalytic Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B In an effort to overcome some of the limitations of traditional developmental designs, Dr. Francisco

Reasoning scientifically requires the __________ capacity to evaluate one's objectivity. A)deductive B)metacognitive C)self-regulatory D)self-conscious Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B During adolescence, the achievement of intimacy between dating partners typically __________ that between friends. A)occurs before B)lags behind C)occurs at about the same time as D)substitutes for Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B When a 1-month-old kitten is put in

The most violent television programs are A)reality programs. B)adult medical dramas. C)children's cartoons. D)adult legal dramas. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Handedness A)reflects the greater capacity of one side of the brain to carry out skilled motor action. B)is evident in a wide range of skills from birth. C)is a heritable trait, especially for left-handed people. D)is strongest

Around 9 to 10 years, _______ is/are clearly evident in children's drawings. A)mastery of humanlike figures B)accurate copies of two-dimensional shapes C)depth cues D)the third dimension Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which of the following statements about grandparents who are primary caregivers is true? A)Warm grandparent-grandchild bonds help protect children from worsening adjustment problems, even

The sickle cell allele is common among A)Jews of European descent. B)children whose parents are of Mediterranean descent. C)male Caucasians born in North America. D)black Africans. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D A sure sign that labor is only hours or days away is A)contractions in the upper part of the uterus. B)the bloody show. C)lightening. D)frequent urination. Answer: B

Overweight children A)are at low risk for emotional problems. B)are likely to have overweight parents. C)decide when to eat on the basis of hunger. D)spend very few hours watching television. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B When describing themselves, older school-age children are __________ likely than younger children to __________. A)less; include both positive and negative

The release and fertilization of two ova results in A)identical twins. B)fraternal twins. C)phenylketonuria (PKU). D)miscarriage. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Young babies' sleep-wake cycles are affected more by __________ than by __________. A)fullness-hunger; darkness-light B)darkness-light; wetness-dryness C)wetness-dryness; fullness-hunger D)wetness-dryness; darkness-light Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory reveals that A)heredity and brain

After being gently scolded for taking a toy away from his cousin, 20-month-old Rainer lowers his eyes, hangs his head, and hides his face with his hands. Rainer is expressing A)envy. B)shame. C)pride. D)empathy. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Three-year-old Sasha makes a structure out of toy blocks. Sasha is engaging in __________ play. A)make-believe B)parallel C)constructive D)functional Answer:

Adolescents who immigrate with their family to the United States from cultures that value interdependent qualities demonstrate __________ the longer their family has been in the United States. A)increased discrimination toward other ethnic minorities B)increased commitment to fulfilling family obligations and learning about their heritage C)decreased ability to fit in with mainstream U.S.

Self-conscious emotions A)involve distinct facial expressions. B)do not require self-awareness. C)are universally experienced in response to the same types of situations. D)require adult instruction in when to feel proud, ashamed, or guilty. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Heterozygous individuals with just one recessive allele __________ to their children. A)cannot pass that trait B)can pass that trait C)will

Chronic delinquents typically A)experience peer rejection in childhood. B)show few academic problems in childhood. C)behave rebelliously despite good parental discipline. D)are unresponsive to pressures of the peer group. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Victims of persistent bullying are likely to A)experience low peer acceptance. B)experience relationships high in personal sharing. C)have a history of avoidant attachment. D)experience increased

Eight-year-old Lin, a Chinese child, is likely to A)say that telling the truth is always good. B)say that telling a lie is always bad. C)rate lying favorably when the intention is modesty. D)favor lying to support the individual at the expense of the group. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Twenty-two of the 23 pairs

__________ can act as teachers who enhance the person's career-related skills or serve as guides who acquaint the person with the values and customs of the work setting. A) Bosses B) Parents C) Mentors D) Human resource directors Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Dropout rates remain elevated among low-SES ethnic minority youths, especially __________

When asked about the disadvantages of parenthood, Americans and Europeans most often cite A)loss of privacy. B)financial strain. C)role overload. D)work conflicts. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Identical twins Jada and Olivia were very similar in personality throughout childhood. After high school, Jada majored in music and became an elementary school teacher, while Olivia

Which of the following statements about surrogate motherhood is true? A)Most surrogates have no children of their own. B)Surrogates cannot be paid for their childbearing services. C)It usually involves the wealthy as contractors for infants and the less economically advantaged as surrogates. D)It usually involves younger couples as contractors and older women as surrogates. Answer:

When Elliot engages in intense exercise, particularly in cold weather or during allergy season, his bronchial tubes fill with mucus and contract. This causes him to cough and have serious breathing difficulties. Elliot has A)nocturnal enuresis. B)asthma. C)emphysema. D)bronchitis. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B As an alternative to infant tests, some researchers have turned

Mr. and Mrs. Fischman keep tabs on their teenage daughter Alexa's school progress and communicate with her teachers frequently. However, as Alexa moves into high school, they wonder whether they should decrease their level of involvement. What should you tell them? A)They should remain involved as these efforts are just as important

The ability to shift attention from one stimulus to another improves by _____ months. A)2 B)3 C)4 D)6 Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Despite facing school difficulties, family transitions, and early maltreatment, Marni is a well-adjusted, easygoing third grader with favorable self-esteem. Marni is a __________ child. A)'stress-resilient" B)self-care C)mastery-oriented D)popular-prosocial Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A The greatest

Older single women in well-paid occupations who choose parenthood A)often lack emotional and parenting support. B)often experience a stressful transition to parenthood. C)have a hard time coping effectively with parenting challenges. D)may encounter fewer parenting difficulties than married couples. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Maddy spends most of her time with a particular set

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the change in self-description that typically occurs between ages 8 and 11? A)Children tend to describe themselves by focusing on specific behaviors. B)Children will describe positive, but not negative, personality traits. C)Children organize their observations of behaviors and internal states into general dispositions. D)Children are likely to describe

Alexia was born with cataracts in both eyes. What can you tell her parents about when she should have corrective surgery? A)Alexia should wait to have corrective surgery until adulthood when her eyes are fully mature. B)Alexia should not have corrective surgery during the first six months of life because her vision

Which of the following statements about emerging adults' civic and political commitments is true? A)Emerging adults are more likely than contemporary senior citizens to raise funds for charitable causes. B)More U.S. young people today engage in political party activities than in previous generations. C)Voter turnout for contemporary 18- to 29-year-olds has fluctuated over

People who work in skilled and semiskilled manual occupations tend to __________ than people in professional and technical occupations. A)marry later B)have more children C)have fewer children D)have children later Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B __________ child care is more strongly associated with cognitive gains than are other child-care arrangements. A)Center-based B)Home-based C)Academic-centered D)Family-run Answer: A Answer: A Answer:

Fathers of daughters with anorexia nervosa tend to be A)overprotective and controlling. B)sensitive to adolescent autonomy. C)highly indulgent. D)emotionally distant. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D By age 4 to 5, A)preschoolers show declines in sustained attention. B)the number of synapses in the prefrontal cortex is nearly double the adult value. C)energy metabolism in the cerebral cortex is

In infants who gain weight quickly, the stepping reflex A)is sustained throughout childhood. B)appears at around 3 months. C)reveals the health of the leg muscles. D)disappears at around 2 months. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D About 60 percent of U.S. boys and 37 percent of U.S. girls __________ between ages 5 and 18. A)attend physical

In later pregnancy, a diabetic mother's excess blood glucose causes the fetus to A)lose weight. B)grow unusually large. C)secrete abnormally low levels of insulin. D)develop chromosomal abnormalities. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Researchers using the violation-of-expectation method may use __________ by exposing babies to a physical event until their looking declines. A)habituation B)assimilation C)accommodation D)imitation Answer:

When Francine sees a dump truck in the sandbox, she wonders, "Do I like this toy?" She then decides to play with the truck. Francine A)is a gender-schematic child. B)is using her gender-salience filter. C)is a gender-aschematic child. D)has well-developed gender schemas. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Fathers show hormonal changes-specifically slight increases in

The years from 2 to 6 are often called "the __________ years." A)play B)growth C)beginning D)me Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Which of the following changes occurs in children's autobiographical memories with age? A)Older children begin to use more generic, nondescript reports. B)With age, preschoolers increasingly include subjective information. C)Older children are able to remain objective when

__________ is related to positive sibling interaction. A)High emotional intensity in one sibling B)Maternal warmth toward both children C)High physical activity in one sibling D)Lack of maternal involvement Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B __________, which improves from early to middle childhood, predicts children's resistance to suggestion in the courtroom. A)Elaboration B)Attention C)Processing speed D)Inhibition Answer: D Answer: D Answer:

A major shortcoming of the componential approach is that it A)focuses too much on cultural bias in intelligence testing. B)regards intelligence as entirely due to causes within the child. C)has not generated enough research. D)does not try to uncover the underlying basis of IQ. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Jamar understands that a certain

Which of the following statements about harsh punishment is true? A)About 53 percent of preschoolers experience harsh punishment regularly. B)Children who are punished frequently develop a more conflict-ridden parent-child relationship. C)Individuals whose parents used corporal punishment are less accepting of such discipline. D)Corporal punish is most commonly used in economically advantaged homes. Answer: B Answer:

Kamara is emotional and loves to express her individual personality by pursuing creative projects. Kamara displays personality characteristics of a(n) __________ person. A)artistic B)investigative C)social D)realistic Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A In the United States, affordable child care is A)usually high in quality. B)fairly easy to find. C)in short supply. D)the norm. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which

Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon's intelligence test was developed as a way to A)identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes. B)accurately predict school achievement and vocational success. C)document developmental improvements in children's intellectual functioning. D)measure individual differences in development as a function of race, gender, and birth order.

Which of the following children is most likely to be a risk-taker? A)Priyanka, whose parents are safety-conscious B)Jesse, whose parents strictly supervise his activities C)Daphne, whose parents consistently enforce rules D)Marcus, whose parents use punitive discipline Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Sixteen-year-old Alyssa speaks differently to her boss at work, her parents at home,

Margaret is high in academic self-esteem and motivation. She probably credits her successes to A)luck. B)favoritism. C)a fixed ability. D)ability and effort. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Elena moved to the United States from Guatemala when she was 6 years old. Research shows that if her school curriculum integrates both Spanish and English, she

In research conducted in India, even highly educated individuals viewed the solutions to moral dilemmas as the responsibility of A)each person according to their inner, private conscience. B)the upper class, who have the resources to help. C)men, who are more concerned with matters of justice. D)the entire society, not of a single person. Answer: D

Both __________ and __________ stress changes in thinking. A)behaviorism; social learning theory B)cognitive-developmental theory; information processing C)ethology; the psychoanalytic perspective D)the dynamic systems perspective; ecological systems theory Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B In his classroom, Mr. Palinco introduces activities that build on his students' current thinking, challenging their incorrect ways of viewing the world,

Parents who __________ tend to have securely attached infants and to behave sensitively toward them. A)dismiss the importance of their early relationships B)discuss their childhoods with objectivity and balance C)report only positive childhood experiences D)describe their negative childhood experiences in angry, confused ways Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B The most successful approach to child

Which of the following statements is supported by research on computers and academic learning? A)Most U.S. low-SES families with school-age children and adolescents do not have computers or Internet access. B)Children who use word processing products tend to struggle with spelling and grammar, because they worry less about making mistakes. C)Computer-written word processing products

Skeletal age is determined by __________ to see the extent to which soft, pliable cartilage has hardened into bone. A)X-raying the long bones of the body B)measuring the circumference of the skull C)X-raying the spinal cord and teeth D)measuring the length of the arms and legs Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A When her friend,

Dr. Bigelow is interested in studying musical prodigies. Which of the following research methods is best suited for this type of research? A)naturalistic observation B)clinical interview C)the clinical, or case study, method D)structured interview Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Imani, age 11 months, is wary of strangers. However, when his mother sits on the

Between ages of 6 and 12, A)liagments become firmly attached to bones. B)the bones of the body shorten and narrow. C)all 20 primary teeth are lost and replaced by permanent ones. D)primary teeth are gradually lost, starting with the molars. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C In response to the "Heinz dilemma," Seth explains, "It