The most recent revision of Albert Bandura’s theory places such strong emphasis on how
children think about themselves and other people that he calls it a(n) __________ rather
than a(n) __________ approach.
A)observational learning; social-cognitive
B)social-cognitive; social learning
C)social learning; social-cognitive
D)social learning; observational learning
When baby Rico whimpers and whines, his mother responds by ignoring him and refusing
to pick him up. This decreases Rico’s whining. The mother’s behavior is an example of
A)habituation.
B)a reinforcer.
C)recovery.
D)punishment.
In international studies of reading, mathematics, and science achievement, U.S. students
typically perform
A)better than students in Korea and Japan.
B)better than students in Canada and the Netherlands.
C)above the international averages.
D)at or below the international averages.
Which of the following mothers is most likely to receive inadequate prenatal care?
A)Harriet, a 16-year-old African American
B)Marissa, a 25-year-old Caucasian American
C)Rachel, a 32-year-old Caucasian American
D)Janette, a 40-year-old Hispanic American
Consistently, the short 5-HTTLPR genotype combined with maladaptive parenting leads to
A)externalizing problems, including defiance and aggression.
B)inhibited social behavior and very low rates of peer acceptance.
C)decreased emotional reactivity as a result of withdrawal.
D)increased fearfulness during maternal separation.
Research shows that only children __________ children with siblings.
A)are more intelligent than
B)are as well-adjusted as
C)have more emotional problems than
D)are less intelligent than
112)Baby Paloma’s parents talk to her using short sentences with high-pitched,
exaggerated expression, clear pronunciation, distinct pauses between speech segments,
clear gestures to support verbal meaning, and repetition of new words in a variety of
contexts. Paloma’s parents use
A)an expressive style.
B)infant-directed speech (IDS).
C)a referential style.
D)an authoritative style.
A major milestone in drawing occurs when 3- and 4-year-olds learn to
A)use lines to represent the boundaries of objects.
B)use depth cues.
C)make gestures that leave marks.
D)draw ‘stick” or “contour” figures.
Research on school transitions shows a decline in __________ for adolescents after each
school change.
A)self-esteem
B)grades
C)loneliness
D)independent reading
An ovum bursts from one of a woman’s two __________ and is drawn into one of two
__________.
A)ovaries; testes
B)fallopian tubes; ovaries
C)fallopian tubes; placentas
D)ovaries; fallopian tubes
Willa, who is pregnant, gets headaches on a regular basis and takes aspirin to relieve the
pain. What should you tell Willa about the effects of aspirin use on the developing
organism?
A)Regular aspirin use is completely safe during pregnancy.
B)Regular aspirin use can cause gross deformities of the arms and legs during the
embryonic period.
C)Regular aspirin use is linked to low birth weight and poorer motor development.
D)Regular aspirin use is linked to elevated incidence of birth complications, including
respiratory distress.
Warmth and responsiveness, competence and power, and consistency between assertions
and behavior are all
A)characteristics of a model that increase a child’s willingness to imitate the model’s
behavior.
B)characteristics of emotional development that are necessary for moral behavior to occur.
C)important characteristics that are necessary for inductive discipline to be effective.
D)characteristics of a prosocial child who has learned empathy-based guilt.
The central questions addressed by the field of child development
A)are primarily of scientific interest.
B)have applied, or practical, importance.
C)are based exclusively on research conducted by psychologists.
D)involve all changes a person experiences throughout the lifespan.
Research on punishment shows that spanking is
A)associated with a rise in behavior problems regardless of the parents’ child-rearing style.
B)viewed by most white children as a practice carried out with their best interests in mind.
C)associated with a rise in behavior problems if parents are cold and rejecting but not if
they are warm and supportive.
D)a more effective form of discipline than time out and withdrawal of privileges.