Teenage alcohol and drug use rates in the United States have __________ since the
mid-1990s.
A)risen sharply
B)slowly increased
C)slowly decreased
D)substantially declined
In a __________ design, participants are studied repeatedly, and changes are noted as they
get older.
A)correlational
B)longitudinal
C)cross-sectional
D)sequential
Marilyn is pursuing a career in electrical engineering. Which of the following statements
about Marilyn is probably true?
A) She was appointed a female mentor her first day on the job.
B) She displays high achievement orientation and self-reliance.
C) Her parents were initially unsupportive of her career choice.
D) Her professors viewed her as more capable than her male peers.
Teachers who emphasize learning over getting good grades tend to have more
A)average to below-average achieving students.
B)learned-helpless students.
C)mastery-oriented students.
D)students who have low motivation and achievement.
The video deficit effect
A)increases around age 3.
B)is strongest when toddlers view interactive videos.
C)declines around age 2½.
D)is strongest when toddlers view videos rich in social cues.
Compared to their early-onset counterparts, late-onset delinquent teenagers
A)are more socially isolated and tend to be more violent.
B)often show subtle deficits in cognitive functioning.
C)are much more likely to demonstrate continued criminal behavior into adulthood.
D)have conduct problems that arise from the peer context of early adolescence.
Research on the consequences on punishment reveals that
A)most white children may view spanking as a practice carried out with their best interests
in mind.
B)physical punishment is positively associated with adolescent aggression and antisocial
behavior in black children.
C)most black children may regard spanking as an act of personal aggression.
D)white parents usually consider physical punishment to be wrong.
In Rothbart’s model of temperament,
A)distractibility and irritable distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension.
B)persistence and fearful distress are considered opposite ends of the same dimension.
C)fearful distress and irritable distress distinguish between reactivity triggered by fear and
reactivity due to frustration.
D)the dimensions are overly broad, such as regularity of body functions and intensity of
reaction.
Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky
A)emphasized children’s capacity to shape their own development.
B)viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process.
C)believed that children undergo certain stagewise changes.
D)focused on discontinuous change.
Research on sex chromosome disorders shows that
A)males with XYY syndrome are more aggressive and antisocial than XY males.
B)verbal difficulties are common among females who are missing an X chromosome.
C)females who are missing an X chromosome have trouble with spatial relationships.
D)most children with these disorders suffer from intellectual disabilities.
Although Baby Irina’s eyelids are closed, occasional rapid eye movements can been seen
beneath them. Her breathing is irregular. She stirs occasionally and grimaces while she
sleeps. Irina is probably in which of the following states of arousal?
A)regular sleep
B)drowsiness
C)quiet alertness
D)REM sleep
Which of the following U.S. children is most likely to get his or her permanent teeth first?
A)Brooke, an obese girl
B)Malik, an undernourished boy
C)Jack, a well-nourished boy of average weight
D)Sasha, an undernourished girl
Niche-picking sheds light on why __________ report similar stressful life events
influenced by personal decisions and actions more often than ordinary siblings.
A)same-sex fraternal twin pairs
B)other-sex fraternal twin pairs
C)identical twin pairs
D)adopted siblings
According to Sternberg,
A)the gap between middle-SES and low-SES children-about 9 points-accounts for some of
the ethnic differences in IQ, but not all.
B)each intelligence has a unique biological basis, a distinct course of development, and
different expert, or “end-state,” performances.
C)flexible attention, memory, and reasoning strategies are as important as efficient
thinking in predicting IQ.
D)intelligence tests can easily underestimate, and even overlook, the intellectual strengths
of some children, especially ethnic minorities.
Four-month-old Kaitlyn reaches for a toy. She grabs it by closing her fingers against her
palm. Kaitlyn is using
A)the pincer grasp.
B)the grasp reflex.
C)the ulnar grasp.
D)prereaching.
Which of the following characteristics of close friendships can trigger anxiety and
depression?
A)loyalty
B)trustworthiness
C)corumination
D)faithfulness
Researchers believe that the stimulation of REM sleep is
A)necessary to refine fine muscle development of the eye.
B)more important in adolescence than in infancy.
C)more important for adults than for babies.
D)vital for growth of the central nervous system.
__________ adult-infant coordination, in which interactional synchrony occurs, is the best
predictor of attachment security.
A)Loose
B)Tight
C)Moderate
D)Variable
__________ fire identically when a primate hears or sees an action and when it carries out
that action on its own.
A)Imitation neurons
B)Glial cells
C)Mirror neurons
D)Neurotransmitters
Dynamic systems theory shows us why motor development
A)is generally slower in females than males.
B)is hardwired into the nervous system.
C)always follows the cephalocaudal trend.
D)cannot be genetically determined.