Which of the following statements about cognitive changes in emerging adulthood is true?
A)Pruning of synapses and myelination of stimulated neural fibers continue at a faster pace
than in adolescence.
B)Fine-tuning of the prefrontal cognitive control network is complete by age 20 to 22.
C)As young people become increasingly proficient in a chosen field of endeavor, the
cerebral cortex undergoes further experience-dependent brain growth.
D)Structural changes in the brain occur as greater knowledge and refinement of skills
results in less cortical tissue devoted to the task.
Nissa wants to be a physicist or an engineer. According to Holland, she is a(n) __________
person.
A)realistic
B)conventional
C)investigative
D)enterprising
Although verbal aggression is always __________, __________ aggression can be either
direct or indirect.
A)indirect; physical
B)indirect; relational
C)indirect; instrumental
D)direct; relational
Which of the following statements about traditional versus constructivist classrooms is
true?
A)Older elementary school children in constructivist classrooms have a slight edge in
achievement test scores.
B)In traditional classrooms, students are evaluated by considering their progress in relation
to their own prior development.
C)Constructivist classrooms are associated with gains in critical thinking, greater social
and moral maturity, and more positive attitudes toward school.
D)Preschool and kindergarten students in traditional classrooms have a significant
advantage in achievement test scores.
Girls who __________ are more likely to develop lesbian or bisexual orientations.
A)were exposed prenatally to very high levels of androgens and estrogens
B)have a higher-than-average number of older sisters
C)inherited an X-linked gene from their father
D)are “gender-deviant” in their dress and behavior
In classical conditioning, once a baby’s nervous system makes the connection between two
stimuli, the __________ stimulus produces __________.
A)conditioned; a neutral response
B)conditioned; a reflexive response
C)unconditioned; an unconditioned response
D)neutral; the behavior by itself
Family chaos
A)is limited to economically disadvantaged households.
B)does not occur when families engage in joint activities.
C)induces in children feelings of powerlessness.
D)is an unavoidable byproduct of today’s busy world.
__________ is linked to delayed initiation of sexual activity and to reduced teenage
pregnancy.
A)Abstinence-based sex education
B)Even limited sex education
C)Early pubertal development
D)School involvement
The idea that others care about their appearance and behavior __________ as they struggle
to separate from parents and establish an independent sense of self.
A)interferes with teenagers’ ability to understand that actions have consequences
B)interferes with teenagers’ attempts to hold onto important relationships
C)helps teenagers understand that actions have consequences
D)helps teenagers hold onto important relationships
Three-year-old Billy caught five colds during his first year in preschool. He also
experienced repeated otitis media. If Billy is like other children with frequent otitis media,
he may have trouble
A)attending to others’ speech.
B)falling and staying asleep.
C)mastering large motor skills, such as running and climbing.
D)identifying the letters of the alphabet.
Longitudinal research suggests that rates of __________ are elevated among survivors
of child sexual abuse.
A)marriage in late life
B)spousal abuse
C)obesity
D)homosexuality
In Wayne Dennis’s study of infants in Iranian orphanages, only 15 percent of the orphans
were walking alone by
3 to 4 years of age because
A)they spent the first year of their lives being carried by caregivers.
B)they were malnourished and unable to acquire the strength to walk.
C)they spent their days lying on their backs in cribs.
D)rapid motor progress was actively discouraged by caregivers.
According to research on resilience, which of the following children has an increased
chance of offsetting the impact of a stressful home life?
A)Luke, who is an irritable child
B)Michelle, who is an emotionally reactive child
C)Noah, who is a talented musician
D)Sarah, who associates with rule-breaking peers
Compared with Asian children, Western children produce narratives
A)that contain more contradictory information.
B)far less often, and usually about impersonal topics.
C)without regard for their audience’s interest level.
D)with more talk about their own thoughts and emotions.
As early as age 6, children
A)recognize the importance of individual rights for maintaining a fair society.
B)view freedom of speech and religion as individual rights.
C)regard laws that discriminate against individuals as sometimes right.
D)express very few prejudices, typically deciding in favor of kindness and fairness.
Which of the following statements regarding home delivery is true?
A)Many home births are handled by certified nurse-midwifes.
B)Home delivery is more popular in the United States than in England.
C)Nearly 5 percent of American women now choose home delivery.
D)Home delivery is almost always dangerous for both mothers and babies.
Between the seventh and the ninth days after fertilization, __________ occurs.
A)the period of the embryo
B)the period of the fetus
C)implantation
D)cell duplication
The designers of the Bayley-III included items that tap
A)parental warmth toward the child.
B)habituation, object permanence, and categorization.
C)provision of appropriate play materials.
D)opportunities for variety in daily stimulation.
Relativistic thinking leads to the realization that
A)there are infallible authorities in every subject taught at universities.
B)a universal “truth” can be discovered with enough education.
C)a more satisfying perspective will not choose between opposing views.
D)one’s own beliefs are often subjective and each person creates his or her own “truth.”
Jonelle can promote her grandchildren’s development indirectly by
A)praising the children rather than offering them encouragement.
B)gently reprimanding the children when they misbehave.
C)providing financial assistance to their parents.
D)implementing a reward system for the children’s good behavior.