A major shortcoming of the componential approach is that it
A)focuses too much on cultural bias in intelligence testing.
B)regards intelligence as entirely due to causes within the child.
C)has not generated enough research.
D)does not try to uncover the underlying basis of IQ.
Jamar understands that a certain amount of liquid or clay remains the same even after its
appearance changes and can organize objects into hierarchies of classes and subclasses.
According to Piaget, Jamar is in the __________ stage of cognitive development.
A)sensorimotor
B)preoperational
C)concrete operational
D)sociocultural
Gil describes his son as calm and cautious. He describes his daughter as cheerful and
energetic. Gil’s descriptions refer to
A)effortful control.
B)categorical self.
C)temperament.
D)level of reactivity.
Because delinquency has roots in childhood and results from events in several contexts,
A)only significant economic improvements will be able to decrease delinquency.
B)teaching parents to be supportive and monitor their child’s behavior is useless.
C)only police involvement and increasing arrests can decrease delinquency.
D)prevention must start early and take place at multiple levels.
Which of the following interventions is useful in reducing cultural bias in testing?
A)community programs promoting collaborative approaches to homework
B)social programs promoting tolerance and less bullying of minorities
C)school programs promoting self-affirmation for minority children
D)media programs emphasizing metalinguistic awareness for all children
Which of the following statements demonstrates the cephalocaudal trend?
A)During infancy and childhood, the legs and arms grow somewhat ahead of the hands
and feet.
B)At birth, the head takes up one-fourth of total body length, the legs only one-third.
C)In the prenatal period, the head, chest, and trunk grow first; then the arms and legs; and
finally the hands and feet.
D)During infancy and childhood, the hands and feet grow somewhat ahead of the fingers
and toes.
Follow-up research on preoperational thought indicates that preschoolers do not display
the illogical characteristics that Piaget saw when the tasks are
A)first performed by more expert peers while the preschooler watches.
B)simplified and made relevant to their everyday lives.
C)performed by their parents rather than unfamiliar experimenters.
D)performed with their own toys rather than unfamiliar objects.
Which of the following best characterizes Piaget’s view of cognitive development in
middle childhood?
A)continuous improvement in logical skills
B)discontinuous restructuring of children’s thinking
C)biological prewiring of processes
D)random change in cognitive processes
Many U.S. teachers-especially those in schools with many students from low-income
families-emphasize
A)the application of abstract concepts to real-life situations.
B)repetitive drill over higher-level thinking.
C)summarizing and retelling of reading texts.
D)analysis and synthesis of new information.
Which of the following statements about models of effective parenthood is true?
A)Overall, men are more likely than women to communicate effectively, be flexible when
family problems arise, and build a healthy picture of themselves as successful parents.
B)Parents who have had positive experiences in their own childhoods often have trouble
building a healthy picture of themselves as parents and have conflicted relationships with
their children.
C)Many parents come to terms with negative experiences in their own childhoods,
recognize that other options are available to them, and build healthier and happier
relationships with their children.
D)When men and women have had poor relationships with their own parents, they are
more likely to develop positive images of themselves as parents.
As early as 3 months, infants prefer and more easily discriminate among __________ than
__________.
A)male adults; boys
B)female faces; male faces
C)members of other races; members of their own race
D)unfamiliar faces; familiar faces
Children’s language comprehension
A)develops behind production.
B)requires both recall and recognition.
C)requires only recall, not recognition.
D)develops ahead of production.
Experience-dependent brain growth
A)takes place through naturally occurring interactions with caregivers.
B)provides a foundation for later-occurring, experience-expectant development.
C)depends on ordinary experiences, such as moving about and exploring the environment.
D)relies on specific learning experiences that vary widely across individuals and cultures.
Five- to 7-year-olds tend to rely on __________ when negotiating with peers.
A)adult intervention
B)persuasion and compromise
C)group consensus
D)impulse satisfaction
The __________ is the time when serious defects from teratogens are most likely to occur.
A)germinal period
B)embryonic period
C)fetal period
D)third trimester
Some researchers hypothesize that prenatal exposure to __________ enhances right
hemispheric functioning, giving males an advantage in spatial abilities.
A)estrogens
B)endorphins
C)androgen hormones
D)adrenaline
Eleanor and James Gibson describe their theory as __________ because over time a baby
detects finer and finer invariant features among stimuli.
A)differentiation
B)discontinuous
C)dynamic
D)bidirectional