In industrialized nations, depression
A)occurs at the same rate in adolescence as in middle childhood.
B)increases sharply from ages 12 to 16.
C)occurs equally often in girls and boys.
D)does not seem to affect identity development.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on infant-directed speech
(IDS)?
A)Deaf parents use a style of communication similar to IDS when signing to their deaf
babies.
B)By as early as 2 months, infants are more emotionally receptive to IDS.
C)Infants do not begin to prefer IDS over other kinds of adult talk until age 2.
D)Parents who use IDS are careful to always use utterances of the same length.
Which of the following schools is most likely to promote a sense of civic engagement in
its students?
A)Lincoln High School, which fosters a democratic climate
B)McAdams Preparatory High School, a for-profit private school
C)University High School, which offers a liberal arts curriculum
D)Mechanicville High School, which offers a diverse range of vocational opportunities
Which of the following statements about muscle-fat makeup in adolescence is true?
A)Although both sexes gain in muscle, the increase is 150 percent greater in boys.
B)Arm and leg fat decreases in adolescent girls.
C)Altogether, girls gain far more muscle strength than boys.
D)Around age 8, boys start to add more fat than girls on their arms, legs, and trunk.
For preschoolers to easily acquire new motor skills,
A)direct adult instruction should focus on perfecting the “correct” technique.
B)they need formal lessons to master most gross- and fine-motor skills.
C)playgrounds must offer a range of equipment to meet the diverse needs of individual
children.
D)they need adults to take a “hands-off” approach, providing supervision but no activity
planning.
School-age children with peer-relationship problems are more likely to
A)have experienced permissive discipline.
B)come from middle-SES families.
C)have weak emotional self-regulation skills.
D)have experienced authoritative discipline.
Seven-year-old Jane feels severe apprehension about attending school. She often gets dizzy
or nauseous and complains of stomachaches. Jane’s real fear is most likely
A)failure to achieve.
B)maternal separation.
C)her teacher.
D)an aggressive older sibling.
On a few occasions, Jack’s mother gave him candy to keep him quiet when she took him to
the doctor’s office. Now every time Jack goes to the doctor’s office, he asks his mother for
candy. This is an example of
A)classical conditioning.
B)operant conditioning.
C)observational learning.
D)modeling.
Treatment for aggressive children
A)works best when implanted after antisocial behavior first appears.
B)must begin early, before their antisocial behavior becomes difficult to change.
C)places a minimal emphasis on altering parenting behaviors.
D)is rarely effective for relationally aggressive girls.
Stage 2 of labor lasts __________ for a first baby and __________ in later births.
A)an average of 12 to 14 hours; 4 to 6 hours
B)an average of 4 to 6 hours; 20 to 50 minutes
C)about 50 minutes; 20 minutes
D)about 5 to 10 minutes; 90 minutes
Which of the following statements about sibling rivalry is true?
A)Sibling rivalry tends to decrease in middle childhood.
B)Jealousy over attention from fathers predicts sibling conflict.
C)To reduce rivalry, siblings often strive to be more like one another.
D)Parental comparisons are more frequent for opposite-sex siblings who are close in age.
Bryan hears the following statement: “Either the train is moving or it is not moving.” If
Bryan is in the formal operational stage, he will say that
A)he cannot determine whether the statement is true or false.
B)the statement is true.
C)the statement is false.
D)the statement is sometimes true.
Danica, age 9, executes difficult tumbling routines. Since she started gymnastics at age 4,
Danica has become more pliable and elastic. This means that Danica has improved
A)agility.
B)flexibility.
C)balance.
D)force.
Children whose parents __________ typically do well in delaying gratification.
A)alternate using threats and bribes
B)encourage selective and sustained attention
C)emphasize independence and autonomy from an early age
D)provide long, detailed reasons for waiting
Justine, whose mother is a fitness buff, joined a gymnastics club at the age of 2. Which of
the following is a likely outcome for Justine?
A)She will acquire gross-motor skills earlier than her peers.
B)She will soon lose interest in gymnastics.
C)She will be more influenced by her coach than by her mother.
D)She will be a lifelong sports enthusiast.
Hymie has developed a school phobia. Hymie’s parents should
A)tell him to be braver and send him to school anyway.
B)insist that he return to school as well as provide training in how to cope.
C)arrange a shortened school day for him.
D)give him tangible rewards for each day he attends school without complaining.
The lowest levels of warm, open communication at home are reported by adolescents who
are
A)identity-foreclosed.
B)identity-diffused.
C)in a state of moratorium.
D)identity-achieved.