Because participants are measured only once in the cross-sectional design, researchers
need not be concerned about such difficulties as __________ and __________.
A)cohort effects; practice effects
B)selective attrition; cohort effects
C)cohort effects; biased sampling
D)participant dropout; practice effects
Which of the following statements about sex differences is true?
A)Rates of miscarriage are higher for girls, whereas rates of birth defects are higher for
boys.
B)Rates of infant and childhood deaths, learning disabilities, and intellectual disabilities
are all higher for girls.
C)Worldwide, about 106 girls are born for every 100 boys.
D)Rates of miscarriage, birth defects, and behavior disorders are all higher for boys.
When gender intensification is evident, it seems to be
A)stronger for adolescent boys.
B)stronger for adolescent girls.
C)strongest for first-born sons.
D)the same for both adolescent girls and boys.
Which of the following is the correct order of the phases of vocational development?
A)realistic period, fantasy period, tentative period
B)tentative period, realistic period, fantasy period
C)fantasy period, realistic period, tentative period
D)fantasy period, tentative period, realistic period
Findings that some girls’ friendships are full of jealousy and that some boys’ friendships
often involve physical attacks suggest that
A)prosocial children are as much at risk of having hostile, fragile relationships as
aggressive children.
B)friendships in middle childhood are seldom considered to be stable.
C)aggressive children’s social problems operate even within their closest peer ties.
D)school-age children are still largely incapable of behaving prosocially.
Theorists who emphasize plasticity believe that
A)early experiences establish a lifelong pattern of behavior.
B)heredity, rather than the environment, influences behavior.
C)children who are high or low in a characteristic will remain so at later ages.
D)development is open to change in response to influential experiences.
As Breanna gets older, how will her batting abilities change?
A)Her speed will increase, but her accuracy will stay the same.
B)Her speed will stay the same, but her accuracy will improve.
C)Batting motions will involve her entire body.
D)Batting motions will primarily involve her upper body.
Amelia and Andrew praise and stimulate their children, and they mutually support each
other’s parenting behaviors. Amelia and Andrew engage in effective
A)induction.
B)permissive parenting.
C)coparenting.
D)niche-picking.
Induced labors are justified when
A)continuing the pregnancy threatens the well-being of the mother or baby.
B)the baby has not arrived by its due date.
C)the doctor determines that it is a convenient time to deliver the baby.
D)the mother and father want the baby to arrive on a particular date.
Which of the following statements about firearms and adolescent injury is true?
A)Firearms are the leading cause of adolescent fatalities in the United States.
B)Violence-related behaviors among high school students have increased in recent
decades.
C)Only Canada and New Zealand have a higher firearm death rate among 15- to
19-year-olds than the United States.
D)Metal detectors in schools have had little impact on youth violence.
Reid believes that the difference between the immature and the mature being is simply one
of amount or complexity. Reid views development as
A)discontinuous.
B)determined by nature.
C)continuous.
D)determined by nurture.
Although many high school dropouts show a persistent pattern of disruptive behavior and
poor academic performance, others
A)drop out to follow the lure of high-paying jobs in technical fields.
B)are pushed out by teachers who fear repercussions from the No Child Left Behind Act.
C)drop out in order to earn money to support unemployed parents.
D)quietly disengage from school after experiencing academic difficulties.
Mild, patient tactics are sufficient to prompt conscience development in __________
children.
A)all
B)fearless
C)impulsive
D)anxious
Which of the following statements about fetal monitoring is true?
A)Fetal monitors are being phased out in U.S. hospitals because they are not necessary in
most cases.
B)Fetal monitoring is not helpful in detecting hidden problems with the baby.
C)Critics worry that fetal monitors identify many babies as in danger who, in fact, are not.
D)Fetal monitoring increases the likelihood of infant brain damage and death.
More than 50 percent of U.S. children
A) have untreated tooth decay.
B)suffer from malocclusion.
C)have at least some tooth decay.
D)need braces by age 10.
According to Gilligan, a concern for others is
A)a different but no less valid basis of moral judgment than a focus on impersonal rights.
B)a less valid basis for moral judgment than a focus on justice.
C)is not measurable in Kohlberg’s moral dilemmas.
D)a more valid basis for moral judgment than a focus on impersonal rights.
Neurons in the __________ send out fibers to the prefrontal cortex, contributing to
improvements in sustained, controlled attention.
A)cerebellum
B)hippocampus
C)reticular formation
D)corpus callosum
Children who create imaginary companions tend to
A)be maladjusted.
B)have problems maintaining friendships.
C)be more sociable with peers.
D)be only children.
Explain the relationship between adolescent friendships and psychological adjustment.
Identify four ways that friendship contributes to many aspects of psychological health and
competence into early adulthood.
How well do infant and toddler mental tests predict later intelligence? What are some
alternatives to the traditional tests?
Describe authoritative child rearing, and explain what makes it effective.
Describe the secular trend in pubertal timing in industrialized nations.
How does children’s self-esteem change from early to middle childhood?