Two-year-old Camden finds only one of her shoes. She says, “I need two shoes. I have two
foots!” Camden’s error is an example of
A)semantic bootstrapping.
B)underextension.
C)overregularization.
D)underregularization.
Dimitri was very active in the third trimester. As a 1-year-old, he will probably
A)handle frustration well.
B)be very fearful.
C)refuse to interact with unfamiliar adults.
D)be easily frustrated.
Osita is a 4-year-old Ethiopian boy. He survived kwashiorkor and was recently adopted
by a Canadian couple. Osita will probably
A)continue to undereat even when food is plentiful.
B)gain very little weight as his diet improves.
C)have an average to high basal metabolism rate.
D)suffer from lasting damage to the brain, heart, or other organs.
Which of the following age groups does the most niche-picking?
A)infants
B)toddlers
C)preschoolers
D)adolescents
Angela and Tony’s first child died in infancy. They badly want to have another child but
are worried about Angela’s family history of genetic disorders. They want to find out if
Angela is a carrier. Angela and Tony are candidates for
A)in vitro fertilization.
B)genetic counseling.
C)donor insemination.
D)amniocentesis.
Cousins Easton and Jack are both infants. Sometimes Easton watches Jack while he rolls
on the floor. However, both babies engage in solitary play. This is known as
A)parallel play.
B)cooperative play.
C)associative play.
D)nonsocial activity.
Many young people with anorexia
A)have parents who foster autonomy.
B)feel guilty about their abnormal eating habits.
C)have poor academic performance at school.
D)are emotionally inhibited.
According to Erikson’s psychosocial theory, a healthy outcome during infancy is
dependent on the
A)quantity of food offered.
B)amount of oral stimulation provided.
C)quality of caregiving.
D)availability of self-soothing.
In __________ experiments, control over the treatment is usually weaker than in
__________ experiments.
A)laboratory; natural
B)laboratory; field
C)field; laboratory
D)correlational; field
Research demonstrates that make-believe play is
A)less frequent and rich in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures.
B)a major means through which children extend their cognitive and social skills.
C)usually initiated by toddlers rather than by their parents or older siblings.
D)discovered by toddlers independently, once they are capable of representational
schemes.
The most widely discussed threat to the accuracy of longitudinal findings is
A)practice effects.
B)cohort effects.
C)selective attrition.
D)biased sampling.
Cerebral palsy
A)affects one out of every 100 American children.
B)is caused by brain damage before, during, or just after birth.
C)is usually the result of placenta abruptio or placenta previa.
D)is the result of oxygen deprivation in about 2 percent of cases.
Which of the following statements about vocational choice is true?
A)Most children know from an early age just what they want to be and follow a direct path
to a career goal.
B)Many people are blends of several personality types and can do well at more than one
kind of occupation.
C)Parents with limited education are just as likely as higher-SES parents to give their
children important information about the worlds of education and work.
D)Making an occupational choice is a rational process in which young people weigh
abilities, interests, and values against career options.
Children with autism
A)only use words to exchange ideas.
B)have narrow and overly intense interests.
C)engage in more make-believe play than typically developing children.
D)show extremely rapid synaptic pruning.
A study involving the fetal heart rate’s response to auditory stimuli during the third
trimester suggests that fetuses
A)cannot hear sounds from the outside world.
B)can remember for at least a brief period.
C)cannot distinguish between their mother’s voice and a stranger’s voice.
D)cannot distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar melodies.
Evidence suggests that formal academic training during early childhood
A)produces children who have more confidence in their academic abilities.
B)produces children who display fewer stress behaviors, such as wiggling and rocking.
C)enhances children’s study habits throughout the school years.
D)undermines young children’s motivation and emotional well-being.
According to Vygotsky’s theory,
A)today’s lifestyles differ so radically from those of our evolutionary ancestors that certain
evolved behaviors are no longer adaptive.
B)children shape their own development during both sensitive and critical developmental
periods.
C)children revise incorrect ideas in their ongoing efforts to achieve equilibrium between
internal structures and every-day information.
D)social interaction is necessary for children to acquire the ways of thinking and behaving
that make up a community’s culture.
Which of the following depth cues is 3-week-old Adelaide most likely to be sensitive to?
A)pictorial depth cues
B)binocular depth cues
C)motion
D)spatial relationships
Parents who are overly indulgent tend to have children who
A)develop learned helplessness.
B)have unrealistically high self-esteem.
C)are overly confident.
D)are industrious.