When Francine sees a dump truck in the sandbox, she wonders, “Do I like this toy?” She
then decides to play with the truck. Francine
A)is a gender-schematic child.
B)is using her gender-salience filter.
C)is a gender-aschematic child.
D)has well-developed gender schemas.
Fathers show hormonal changes-specifically slight increases in __________ and
__________-around the time of birth that are compatible with those of mothers.
A)oxytocin; prolactin
B)prolactin; estrogens
C)androgens; oxytocin
D)estrogens; androgens
While reading a picture book together, 3-year-old Susannah and her mother discuss the
book. In response to her mother’s question about who can be a pirate, Susannah replies,
“Girls cannot be pirates. Only boys.” Her mother is most likely to respond by
A)explaining to Susannah that both boys and girls can be pirates.
B)refraining from labeling gender when it is unnecessary.
C)affirming her daughter’s assertion and allowing her to gender stereotype.
D)substituting gendered references for generic expressions.
Before the late 1800s, childbirth usually took place
A)at home and was a family-centered event.
B)at home and far away from other family members.
C)in a hospital with trained midwives.
D)in the home of a medical professional or in a hospital.
Phoebe’s teacher thinks she has a behavior problem. As a result, Phoebe starts to believe
that she is a troublemaker and begins to act out in the classroom. This is an example of
A)an educational self-fulfilling prophecy.
B)cultural bias.
C)a stereotype threat.
D)behavior conduct disorder.
Laura is the nanny of Jackson, a six-month-old infant, whose single mother is depressed.
You can tell Laura that
A)therapy is unlikely to alleviate Jackson’s mother’s depression.
B)antidepressant medication is unlikely to help Jackson’s mother.
C)Jackson’s mother will probably need long-term treatment.
D)a warm relationship with Laura can safeguard Jackson’s development.
According to Kohlberg, which of the following is the most important factor in determining
the maturity of responses to moral dilemmas?
A)the way the individual reasons about the dilemma
B)the content of the individual’s response
C)how the individual uses emotion in determining the answer
D)whether the individual gives the same answer as other individuals of the same age
Compared to girls, boys
A)tend to coruminate more among their friends.
B)typically focus on achievement and status in their friendships.
C)form friendships that are more intimate.
D)have same-sex friendships that are of shorter duration.
Secretions of __________ and __________ increase during puberty, leading to tremendous
gains in body size and to attainment of skeletal maturity.
A)estrogens; adrenal androgens
B)epinephrine; adrenal androgens
C)growth hormone (GH); thyroxine
D)melatonin; growth hormone (GH)
Without medical intervention, children who suffer from __________ reach an average
mature height of only 4 to 4½ feet.
A)growth hormone (GH) deficiency
B)estrogen deficiency
C)inadequate thyroxine
D)thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) deficiency
Adults try to promote __________ when they translate their own insights in ways that are
within a child’s grasp.
A)transitive inference
B)intersubjectivity
C)guided participation
D)scaffolding
By the beginning of early childhood, children’s categories include objects that go together
because of their common function, behavior, or natural kind. These findings challenge
Piaget’s assumption that
A)preschoolers’ thinking is wholly governed by perceptual appearances.
B)the emergence of language brings about representational ability.
C)preschoolers have difficulty distinguishing fantasy from reality.
D)transitive inference emerges during the concrete operational stage.
Boys have an edge over girls in
A)handwriting.
B)kicking.
C)hopping.
D)skipping.
According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of middle childhood is
A)autonomy versus shame and doubt.
B)initiative versus guilt.
C)industry versus inferiority.
D)identity versus role confusion.
Molly has an IQ of 130. Molly performed better than _____ percent of her agemates.
A)16
B)50
C)85
D)98
Which of the following statements about changes in body size over the first two years of
life is true?
A)Infants and toddlers have remarkably similar physical capabilities.
B)By the end of the second year, a typical infant’s height is about 36 inches.
C)Typically, by five months of age, birth weight has tripled.
D)An average 1-year-old’s height is 75 percent greater than at birth.