Both __________ and __________ stress changes in thinking.
A)behaviorism; social learning theory
B)cognitive-developmental theory; information processing
C)ethology; the psychoanalytic perspective
D)the dynamic systems perspective; ecological systems theory
In his classroom, Mr. Palinco introduces activities that build on his students’ current
thinking, challenging their incorrect ways of viewing the world, but he is careful not to
impose new skills before the children indicate they are interested and ready. Mr. Palinco is
adhering to which educational principle derived from Piaget’s theory?
A)sensitivity to children’s readiness to learn
B)assisted discovery
C)discovery learning
D)acceptance of individual differences
The nucleus of a cell contains
A)karotypes.
B)chromosomes.
C)genotypes.
D)phenotypes.
Baby Ashley picks up her ball and says, “Ball!” Ashley’s father responds with a big smile
and an enthusiastic, “That’s right! Ball!” In return, Ashley laughs. When Ashley is tired and
crying, her father picks her up, rubs her back, and sings softly to her. Ashley and her father
are engaged in
A)attachment in the making.
B)social referencing.
C)goodness of fit.
D)interactional synchrony.
Anthony is expressing an exaggerated sense of personal uniqueness. What would be the
best way for Anthony’s father to handle this situation?
A)acknowledge his son’s unique characteristics but also look for opportune times to point
out that he, too, had similar feelings as a teenager
B)sensitively but firmly tell Anthony that he is not really unique at all-that, in fact, human
beings are all much more similar than different
C)cater to Anthony’s sense of self until about the age of 18, when Anthony should be ready
to hear a more balanced perspective
D)completely ignore Anthony’s inflated sense of self as most adolescents resolve these
issues on their own
In a large study of children with injuries to the cerebral cortex that occurred around the
time of birth or in the first six months of life, researchers found that
A)delays in language development persisted into adolescence if injury occurred in the left
hemisphere.
B)delays in language development persisted into adolescence if injury occurred in the right
hemisphere.
C)undamaged areas-in either the left or the right hemisphere-took over vocabulary and
grammatical skills by
age 5.
D)language skills were more likely to be permanently damaged than spatial skills.
Research on peer-group exclusion shows that
A)children who belong to a peer group rarely use relationally aggressive tactics to oust
no longer “respected” children.
B)with age, children are more likely to endorse excluding someone because of
unconventional appearance or behavior.
C)most school-age children believe it is okay for a group to exclude a peer on the basis
of skin color.
D)girls, especially, regard exclusion as unjust, perhaps because they experience it more
often than boys.
Which of the following children is at greatest risk of suffering from asthma?
A)Shoshanna, who was born overweight
B)Lucy, who is middle-SES
C)James, who is African American
D)Haruki, whose parents do not smoke
According to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory,
A)development must be understood in relation to each child’s culture.
B)children’s sense of self-efficacy guides their responses in particular situations.
C)children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
D)children’s learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults.
Matthew was prenatally exposed to alcohol. His physical growth is typical and he has no
facial abnormalities. However, he has impaired motor coordination, attention span, and
memory. Matthew was probably born with
A)fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
B)alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND).
C)partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS).
D)a genetic disorder.
High school transition is particularly challenging for African-American and Hispanic
students who
A) have older siblings at their new high school.
B)have close relationships with peers at their new school.
C) move from a larger middle school to a smaller high school.
D)move to a new school with fewer same-ethnicity students.