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The release and fertilization of two ova results in
A)identical twins.
B)fraternal twins.
C)phenylketonuria (PKU).
D)miscarriage.
Young babies' sleep-wake cycles are affected more by __________ than by __________.
A)fullness-hunger; darkness-light
B)darkness-light; wetness-dryness
C)wetness-dryness; fullness-hunger
D)wetness-dryness; darkness-light
Research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory reveals that
A)heredity and brain growth contribute significantly to social development.
B)the stages of cognitive development are universal.
C)children in every culture develop unique strengths.
D)adults begin to encourage culturally valued skills as soon as children begin school.
Samantha has recently divorced. She and her 2-year-old are likely to experience which of
the following in the initial period after the divorce?
A)remaining in the family home
B)an increase in income due to child support payments
C)a sharp drop in income
D)a stronger relationship
Nate, whose parents are involved in his school activities and attend parent-teacher
conferences, probably
A)resents his parents' involvement in his education.
B)shows better academic achievement than his agemates.
C)lives in a low-SES household with many siblings.
D)attends a private school in a large city.
Which of the following may be a reason that disrupted sleep has a more pronounced effect
on the cognitive functioning and emotional adjustment of low-SES children?
A)Low-SES children are less likely to cosleep, which harms their sense of security while
asleep.
B)Insufficient sleep heightens the impact of other environmental stressors prevalent in
their daily lives.
C)Low-SES children do not take regular naps, so disrupted nighttime sleep is more
harmful to them.
D)Disrupted sleep cycles cause children's cortisol levels to rise, which is particularly
harmful in low-SES children.
Why do delinquent youths tend to stick together?
A)to avoid social isolation and bolster their fragile self-esteem
B)to more effectively commit crimes
C)because larger groups tend to gain more status and respect
D)because they have similar interests and values
In the Strange Situation, Richard is unresponsive to his mother when she is present. When
she leaves, Richard reacts to the stranger in much the same way as to his mother. When his
mother returns, Richard pays no attention to her. Richard is demonstrating __________
attachment.
A)insecure-avoidant
B)secure
C)disorganized/disoriented
D)insecure-resistant
Vygotsky's theory stresses the __________ of cognitive development.
A)physiology
B)neuroplasticity
C)social context
D)egocentricity
Which of the following statements about how the United States ranks on key measures of
children's health and well-being is true?
A)The United States ranks in the top 10 on most key measures of children's health and
well-being.
B)The United States ranks higher than Spain and Germany on the childhood poverty
indicator.
C)The United States ranks higher than Canada in public expenditure on children's health
care.
D)The United States does not rank well on any key measure of children's health and
well-being.
__________ is the most frequent form of play among 3- to 4-year-olds.
A)Cooperative play
B)Associative play
C)Parallel play
D)Nonsocial activity
Noah thinks more skillfully than others when faced with novelty. Given a new task, Noah
applies his information-processing skills in exceptionally effective ways, rapidly making
these skills automatic so that working memory is freed for more complex aspects of the
situation. According to Sternberg's theory, Noah's strengths lie in __________ intelligence.
A)analytical
B)creative
C)practical
D)experiential
According to Piaget, in accommodation, children
A)build schemes through direct interaction with the environment.
B)create new schemes or adjust old ones.
C)use current schemes to interpret the external world.
D)rearrange schemes, linking them with other schemes.
Sleep contributes to body growth because
A)growth hormone (GH) is released during the child's sleeping hours.
B)rest allows the awake body to produce GH at higher levels.
C)rest allows the awake body to produce thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) at higher
levels.
D)REM sleep heightens the impact of environmental events.
Most homeless families consist of
A)childless couples.
B)single fathers with adolescent children.
C)single mothers with adolescent children.
D)women with children under age 5.
