Which of the following statements about individual differences in motor skills during early
childhood is true?
A)Girls can run slightly faster than boys.
B)Girls can broad-jump slightly farther than boys.
C)Girls have an edge over boys in fine-motor skills.
D)Girls are ahead of boys in skills that emphasize force.
Which of the following statements about adoption is true?
A)In Western Europe, more unwed mothers give up their babies than in the past.
B)Adopted children tend to have fewer emotional difficulties than other children.
C)In North America and Western Europe, the availability of healthy babies has declined.
D)Fewer adoptive parents are accepting children who have known developmental
problems.
According to Thomas and Chess, the difficult child
A)shows mild, low-key reactions to environmental stimuli.
B)is irregular in daily routines.
C)shows unique blends of temperamental characteristics.
D)displays no identifiable temperamental traits.
Mastery of false belief is associated with early __________ ability.
A)reading
B)mathematical
C)writing
D)speaking
To examine whether participants’ popularity was stable or changed across the years, Dr.
Cotter followed a group of children from ages 5 to 18 years. This is an example of a
__________ design.
A)sequential
B)microgenetic
C)cross-sectional
D)longitudinal
Petra’s parents are involved at school and value academic achievement. Which of the
following peer groups is Petra likely to join?
A)the “outsiders,” who skip class and smoke in the parking lot
B)the “cool” girls, who spend all their time hanging out with boys
C)the ‘smart” girls, who care about school and get good grades
D)the “artsy” girls, who focus all their energy on extracurricular productions
Gender-schematic thinking is so powerful that when children see others behaving in
“gender inconsistent” ways,
A)they reject the individuals and exhibit aggression when confronted by the individuals.
B)they question their gender-stereotyped conceptions and become more open-minded.
C)they often distort their memory to make it “gender consistent.”
D)it causes significant distress and endangers their emotional well-being.
Three-year-old Cassandra has very low anxiety and is rarely uncomfortable with parental
disapproval. What advice might you give her parents?
A)Cassandra needs to be punished for every transgression.
B)Power assertion is the best method to teach Cassandra morality.
C)A close parent-child bond motivates children to listen to parents.
D)Teaching Cassandra to feel shame will lead to the quickest morality development.
Carefully controlled animal experiments reveal that a poorly nourished, underweight fetus
experiences changes in body structure and function that greatly increase the risk of
__________ in adulthood.
A)breast cancer
B)diabetes
C)Alzheimer’s disease
D)cardiovascular disease
DeShawn’s authoritarian parents interrupt him and put down his ideas. When DeShawn
makes choices they disagree with, his parents withdraw their affection. DeShawn’s parents
are using __________ control to manipulate him.
A)direct
B)authoritative
C)psychological
D)permissive
According to the most recent, nationally representative survey of U.S. high school
students, 39 percent of tenth graders have tried at least one illegal drug, usually
A)OxyContin.
B)cocaine.
C)marijuana.
D)Ecstasy.
Tony has thought long and hard about music as a career. When asked if he would change
his mind if something better came along, he replied, “I doubt it.” Which identity status
characterizes Tony?
A)identity achievement
B)identity moratorium
C)identity foreclosure
D)identity diffusion
__________ is devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to the
diversity in human traits and abilities.
A)Epigenesis
B)Behavioral genetics
C)Environmental genetics
D)Child development
Theory of mind research indicates that by age 2, children realize that
A)both beliefs and desires determine behavior.
B)thinking takes place inside their heads.
C)people can hold false beliefs.
D)others’ wants and needs can differ from their own.
At age 6, Ofelia probably
A)can print the alphabet and numbers 1 through 10 with reasonable clarity.
B)will learn to write lowercase letters before uppercase letters.
C)can learn to write in cursive as easily as printing.
D)cannot yet integrate two-dimensional shapes into her drawings.
__________ seems to foster a more positive, coherent early self-concept.
A)Early birth order
B)A warm, sensitive parent-child relationship
C)Permissive parenting
D)Authoritarian parenting
When making decisions, adolescents are more likely than adults to emphasize __________
over __________.
A)short-term goals; long-term goals
B)logic; irrationality
C)risks; benefits
D)wants; needs
In terms of growth norms, which of the following children is most likely to be the shortest?
A)Shane, who is from Australia
B)Rosa, who is from Colombia
C)Daryl, who is from Canada
D)Alice, who is from the United Kingdom
Discuss ecological systems theory, and describe each level of the environment.