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Which of the following statements about toddlers' vocabularies is true?
A)Most children show a steady rate of word learning that continues through the preschool
years.
B)Toddlers undergo an initial spurt in vocabulary around 18 months.
C)Toddlers transition from a faster to a slower language learning pace around 18 months.
D)Young toddlers add to their spoken vocabularies at a rate of three to five words a week.
Both identity __________ and __________ are psychologically healthy routes to mature
self-definition.
A)diffusion; foreclosure
B)achievement; diffusion
C)moratorium; foreclosure
D)achievement; moratorium
Cross-cultural research demonstrates that
A)fathers' warmth contributes greatly to children€s long-term favorable development.
B)fathers who devote little time to physical caregiving do not express much parental
warmth.
C)mothers' and fathers' relationships with their partners and with their children are not
linked.
D)fathers' warmth cannot protect children against emotional and behavioral problems.
According to Vygotsky, which of the following is within a child's zone of proximal
development?
A)a task that is too difficult for a child to accomplish alone or with the help of an adult
B)a task that a child has recently mastered independently following the assistance of an
adult
C)a task that is too difficult for a child to do alone but possible with the help of others
D)a task that a child figures out how to accomplish through her own independent activity
Recent evidence reveals that, even at the microscopic level,
A)it takes a change in several base pairs to influence human traits.
B)approximately 85 percent of chimpanzee and human DNA is identical.
C)biological events of profound developmental significance are the result of both genetic
and nongenetic forces.
D)simpler species have far more proteins than humans or primates.
According to international comparisons, instruction in the United States is __________
than in other industrialized countries.
A)more challenging
B)less focused on absorbing facts
C)less focused on high-level reasoning
D)more focused on critical thinking
According to the pragmatic view,
A)judgments made to protect self-interest rarely result in negative feelings.
B)moral action is unrelated to moral understanding.
C)everyday moral judgments are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals.
D)people often use moral judgments for immoral purposes.
According to Piaget, the most obvious change during the preoperational stage is the
increase in
A)language ability.
B)problem-solving skills.
C)logical thought.
D)representational activity.
Most chromosomal defects result from
A)mistakes during meiosis.
B)germline mutations.
C)mistakes during mitosis.
D)somatic mutations.
The term sensitive period applies better to human development than the strict notion of a
critical period because
A)its boundaries are less well-defined than are those of a critical period.
B)the capacity to acquire certain skills cannot occur later than the optimal period.
C)there are more sensitive periods than critical periods in human development.
D)sensitive periods, but not critical periods, have been empirically tested.
The general rise in self-esteem during adolescence is associated with a(n)
A)increasing sense of mastery.
B)unstable definition of self.
C)decline in the importance of peer relationships.
D)rise in civic engagement.
Andy has developed a learned-helpless approach to peer acceptance-concluding, after
repeated rebuffs, that he will never be liked. Andy is a __________ child.
A)rejected-withdrawn
B)rejected-aggressive
C)neglected
D)controversial
Nearly 2.4 million U.S. children live with their grandparents but apart from parents, in
so-called
A)"non-traditional nuclear families."
B)skipped-generation families.
C)fractured households.
D)extended-family households.
X-rays of epiphyses enable doctors to estimate children's
A)adult weight.
B)loss of baby teeth.
C)brain development.
D)skeletal age.
The placenta is connected to the developing organism by the
A)uterine wall.
B)amnion.
C)chorion.
D)umbilical cord.
A survey of 4,000 Americans found that 22 percent of couples had met
A) through friends.
B) in the workplace.
C) at a social gathering.
D) on the Internet.
The ovum can survive for __________ after it is released into the fallopian tube.
A)a couple of hours
B)one day
C)four days
D)six days
