When parents and coaches emphasize __________, young athletes enjoy sports more and
perceive themselves as more competent at their chosen sport.
A)awards
B)competition
C)scores
D)effort
Compared to their U.S. agemates, Dutch babies
A)are put to bed later.
B)sleep, on average, 2 hours less per day.
C)sleep, on average, 2 hours more per day.
D)have less predictable sleep schedules.
With age, adolescents, in justifying their reasoning, move from __________ to
__________.
A)giving concrete examples; explaining the logical rules on which it is based
B)explaining their theories; providing real-world evidence
C)testing one variable; testing multiple variables
D)listing the variables; explaining their theory
Both behaviorism and social learning theory have been criticized for
A)overestimating children’s contributions to their own development.
B)presenting ideas that are too vague to test empirically.
C)emphasizing nature over nurture.
D)underestimating children’s contributions to their own development.
Theories are vital tools because they
A)provide organizing frameworks for our observations of children.
B)provide the ultimate truth about child development.
C)do not require scientific verification.
D)are resistant to the influence of cultural values and belief systems.
In the United States, __________ is/are the most frequent source of childhood injury.
A)burns
B)falls
C)being struck by an object
D)motor vehicle collisions
Currently, the most common approach to controlling pain during labor is
A)epidural analgesia.
B)pitocin.
C)a spinal block.
D)meditation.
Hormonal changes during puberty are initiated and regulated by the __________, a
structure located near the __________.
A)thyroid; pituitary gland
B)pituitary gland; cerebral cortex
C)hypothalamus; adrenal glands
D)hypothalamus; pituitary gland
Anna Freud viewed the teenage years as
A)the period of calm after the storm of childhood.
B)a cascade of instinctual passions.
C)a biologically based, universal “developmental disturbance.”
D)a period of harmony and predictability of behaviors.
In an experimental design,
A)the events and behaviors are divided into two types: independent and dependent
variables.
B)investigators are unable to control for participants’ characteristics that could reduce the
accuracy of their findings.
C)researchers infer cause and effect by directly controlling or manipulating changes in the
dependent variable.
D)researchers gather information on individuals, generally in natural life circumstances,
and make no effort to alter their experiences.
Medication is __________ for treating enuresis.
A)the preferred method
B)a last resort
C)strongly discouraged
D)a short-term solution
Four-year-old D’Andre is upset when his friends exclude him from a game. D’Andre sits in
the sandbox alone and plays with the dump truck instead. D’Andre is displaying
A)effortful control.
B)situational empathy.
C)scaffolding.
D)altruistic behavior.
__________ preference assesses infants€ __________.
A)Familiarity; recent memory
B)Novelty; remote memory
C)Novelty; recent memory
D)Familiarity; reflexes
Dr. Schulz is conducting a study of the degree to which children feel comfortable with
their gender assignment. Dr. Schulz is examining gender
A)typicality.
B)contentedness.
C)roles.
D)stereotypes.
As children reach age 2, they
A)often use language to evaluate their own and others’ actions.
B)begin to engage in sociodramatic play.
C)often describe themselves in terms of typical emotions.
D)can correctly judge the causes of many basic emotions.