Development Through The Lifespan 6th Edition

At first, babies are sensitive to virtually all speech sounds, but around 6 months, they A) gain musical rhythm perception. B) begin to perceive grammatical structure in sentences. C) narrow their focus, limiting distinctions to the language they hear and will soon learn. D) show a preference for their native tongue. Answer: C Answer: C Answer:

When the inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ, the most common cause of difficulties is A) maternal age. B) Rh factor incompatibility. C) emotional stress. D) prenatal malnutrition. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Which of the following women is more likely to delay parenthood or decide against it altogether? A) Molly, who has a traditional gender-role

Which of the following statements about other-sex friendships is true? A) Women are more likely than men to feel sexually attracted to an other-sex friend. B) After marriage, other-sex friendships increase for men but decline for women. C) When a solid other-sex friendship evolves into a romance, it may be more stable and enduring

Tom remained an active and vital force within his family until he could no longer carry out that role. Tom's illness was viewed as a crisis that united family members in caregiving. Tom is most likely a(n) A) African American. B) Native American. C) Buddhist. D) member of the Maori tribe. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A In

Autonomy is made up of a(n) __________ component and a(n) __________ component. A) behavioral; cognitive B) cognitive; emotional C) emotional; behavioral D) behavioral; ethical Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following statements about nursing homes is true? A) Care emphasizes rehabilitation rather than high-quality terminal care. B) Residents' end-of-life preferences are recorded in medical charts. C) Pain management

__________ is common in middle adulthood. A) Midlife crisis B) Dissatisfaction C) Drastic life alteration D) Life evaluation Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar. A) language acquisition B) listening C) speaking D) neurotransmission Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A The exchange of chromosome segments during meiosis results in A) severe mutations. B)

In Western cultures __________ spend more time with and interact more effectively with infants. A) single fathers who live with their child's mother B) happily married fathers whose partners cooperate with them in parenting C) divorced fathers who see their children every other weekend D) happily married fathers who hold traditional gender-role beliefs Answer:

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to have an especially hard time following a divorce? A) Anna, who has always had a full-time job B) Rico, who has custody of his three children C) Beatrice, who was a homemaker throughout her marriage D) Trent, who has a prestigious career Answer: C Answer:

As processing speed slows, A) attention heightens. B) executive function improves. C) working memory declines. D) short-term memory improves. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C The physical changes of late life lead to an increased need for certain nutrients, including A) vitamin D to prevent free radicals. B) vitamin E to protect the bones. C) vitamin C to protect the immune

Piaget's conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children's thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features. A) dynamic transformation B) centration C) hierarchical classification D) irreversibility Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B An extended falloff in cognitive performance or in emotional investment in life is A) unusual in healthy

Which of the following statements about sexuality in late adulthood is true? A) A majority of older adults attribute little to no importance to sex. B) Most healthy older adult couples report continued, regular sexual enjoyment. C) Men are more likely than women to lose interest in sex. D) Health problems prevent sexual activity

One way older adults compensate for neuron loss is A) with an increase in glial cells, which myelinate neural fibers. B) to call on additional brain regions to support cognitive processing. C) with increased efficiency of the central nervous system. D) with increased efficiency of the autonomic nervous system. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B In Erikson's

Research consistently shows that infants and young children exposed to __________ child care score lower on measures of __________ skills. A) full-time; social B) poor-quality; social and cognitive C) developmentally appropriate; cognitive D) part-time; emotional Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B During early childhood, children's gender-stereotyped beliefs A) emerge slowly, as parents treat boys and girls in similar

Which of the following statements about divorce in the United States is true? A) Husbands usually report more serious marital problems than wives. B) Men are twice as likely as women to initiate divorce proceedings. C) Infidelity and substance abuse are among the strongest predictors of divorce. D) Economically advantaged couples are especially likely

Men and women today are __________ than in previous generations. A) more certain about how to rear children B) less likely to place a high priority on parenting C) less certain about how to rear children D) more likely to place a high priority on parenting Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C When it comes to dietary

Dr. Ewing measured individual differences in a large sample of individuals using intelligence testing. If performances at each age level formed a normal distribution, the results were probably __________-shaped. A) U B) L C) bell D) star Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C During her labor, Renae asks for a mild dose of painkillers to help her

An important motivator of prosocial behavior is A) sympathy. B) empathy. C) emotional self-regulation. D) fear of punishment. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Although Freud's ideas are no longer accepted as satisfactory explanations of conscience development, Erikson's image of __________ captures the diverse changes in young children's emotional and social lives. A) the superego B) mistrust C) initiative D) psychosexual stages Answer:

Max enjoys working with ideas; Madison is emotional and has a high need for individual expression. According to Holland's six personality types, Max is __________ and Madison is __________. A) investigative; artistic B) realistic; conventional C) enterprising; investigative D) conventional; social Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Basic emotions are A) difficult to identify in the first few months of

Compared with grandchildren in intact families, grandchildren in single-parent and stepparent families report A) engaging in fewer activities with their grandparents. B) engaging in more diverse, higher-quality grandparent activities. C) significant conflict with their grandparents. D) less interest in having a close relationship with their grandparents. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Participation of older adults in continuing

Yolanda, age 2, is being raised in Texas by a single mother. While Yolanda's mother works, she does not always have sufficient funds to purchase enough food for a healthy, active life. Yolanda is skinny and withdrawn. Yolanda suffers from A) marasmus. B) anorexia. C) kwashiorkor. D) food insecurity. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D A growing number

Which of the following statements about gender and ethnicity in the workplace is true? A) Inequalities in promotion become less pronounced over time. B) Women who are promoted usually attain the most prestigious high-level management jobs. C) The glass ceiling is a phenomenon of the past in the United States. D) Women who demonstrate

Alice calls untying her shoelaces "opening" her shoes. This is an example of A) overextension. B) infant-directed speech. C) underextension. D) referential style. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Mr. Martin reached the last years of his life feeling whole, complete, and satisfied with his achievements. He realized that the paths he followed, abandoned, and never selected were

Nearly _____ percent of American working women are caregivers for aging parents. A) 5 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25 Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Throughout elementary and secondary school, __________ predicts academic success. A) learned helplessness B) metacognitive awareness C) self-regulation D) interpersonal intelligence Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following statements about cognitive development in early adulthood is true? A) Pruning

Which of the following statements about sex differences in computer use is true? A) Boys show greater use when software programs include background music. B) Girls more often analyze data and use graphics software. C) Girls typically focus on information gathering and social networking. D) Girls acquire more specialized computer knowledge. Answer: C Answer: C Answer:

For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere A) is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off. B) shows slow activity throughout early and middle childhood. C) shows a slight growth spurt between ages 8 and 10. D) peaks between 1 and 3 years and decreases slowly throughout middle childhood and

Which student is most at risk for dropping out of college? A) a sophomore at a large state university B) a freshman at a highly selective school C) a sophomore who moves off-campus D) a freshman at a school with open enrollment Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Follow-ups reveal that __________-maturing __________, especially, are prone to lasting

Research on handedness demonstrates that A) most left-handers have no developmental problems. B) right-handedness is associated with prematurity. C) there is little cultural variation in rates of left-handedness. D) right-handedness is associated with birth difficulties that can result in brain damage. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A __________ individuals are the least mature in identity development. A) Long-term

In Levinson's destruction"creation developmental task, the midlifer A) gives up certain youthful qualities and finds positive meaning in being older. B) must create a better balance between masculine and feminine parts of the self. C) counters past hurtful acts with a strong desire to leave a legacy for the future. D) must forge a

__________ refers to acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death. A) Increased morbidity B) Cognitive mortality C) Life expectancy crossover D) Terminal decline Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which of the following statements about continuity in the lives of older adults is true? A) Even after a change, people usually make choices that extend the

Heritability evidence suggests __________ genetic influences on various aspects of executive function, including combining information in working memory, controlling attention, and inhibiting inappropriate responses. A) little or no B) only minor C) moderate D) substantial Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Which of the following statements about the influence of schooling on moral reasoning is true? A) College students

Grandparents are an example of __________ that can promote children's development. A) unidirectional influences B) third parties C) niche-picking D) a macrosystem Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B A researcher hangs a mobile over the crib of 4-month-old Anya. When the researcher attaches Anya's foot to the mobile with a long cord, Anya can, by kicking, make

__________ are the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations. A) Carcinogens B) Unintentional injuries C) Birth defects D) Infectious diseases Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Within every cell (except red blood cells) is a control center, or A) phenotype. B) nucleus. C) genotype. D) zygote. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Which of the following women is the most likely to

Ivan Pavlov discovered A) observational learning. B) classical conditioning. C) the ego's positive contributions to development. D) the clinical method. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Stranger anxiety is A) uncommon in well-adjusted toddlers. B) less likely if the unfamiliar adult picks up the wary infant. C) less common in cultures where babies are frequently passed from one adult to another. D)

Lanugo A) permits food and oxygen to reach the organism. B) provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother's movements. C) helps regulate the fetus's body temperature. D) is a white, downy hair that covers the fetus's entire body. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D In the United States, 1 out of _____ sexually active

Longitudinal research shows that from age 20 on, __________ decreases steadily. A) verbal ability B) inductive reasoning C) perceptual speed D) numeric ability Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Studies report __________ in midlife. A) an increase of masculine traits in men B) a decrease of masculine traits in women C) that both men and women become more androgynous D) an increase

Religious involvement A) tends to interfere with advanced moral development. B) does not seem to prevent early sexual activity and teen pregnancy. C) promotes responsible academic and social behavior. D) increases as adolescents search for a personally meaningful identity. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following statements about prenatal sensitive periods with respect to teratogens

Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin's mother emphasizes the role of __________ in development. A) nurture B) stages C) stability D) nature Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A A survey of a nationally representative sample of U.S. 8- to

While Marie's mother lay dying, she told Marie, "I"m not afraid. I have faith. I"m looking forward to what lies ahead." Marie's mother views dying as A) a mandate to live ever more fully. B) imprisonment. C) part of life's journey. D) an experience to be transformed. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Componential analysis involves A) examining relationships

Which of the following statements about sex differences in religious involvement and spirituality in late adulthood is true? A) Women and men are equally likely to report that religion is very important to them. B) Women are more likely than men to engage in religious activities. C) Men are more likely than women

Which of the following statements is supported by research on colic? A) Colic is usually a sign of central nervous system damage. B) Infants with colic tend to have persistent low-pitched cries. C) Colic usually subsides between 3 and 6 weeks. D) Newborns who react especially strongly to unpleasant stimuli are at risk for

Shelby accepts her family's religious beliefs without question. She is characterized by identity A) foreclosure. B) diffusion. C) moratorium. D) achievement. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Low-SES older adults are __________ likely than higher-SES older adults to seek medical care because __________. A) less; they are more likely to rely on holistic medicine B) less; they are less optimistic

Research demonstrates that early make-believe play is A) less frequent and rich in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures. B) the combined result of children's readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it. C) usually initiated by toddlers rather than their parents or older siblings. D) discovered by toddlers independently, once they

Young toddlers add to their spoken vocabularies at a rate of A) four to five words a day. B) one to three words per week. C) four to five words per week. D) one to three words per month. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B The cerebellum A) maintains alertness and consciousness. B) aids in balance and control of

Ken, age 14, has trouble concentrating, sleeps excessively, eats little, and has low energy. These might be symptoms of A) an identity crisis. B) depression. C) a vitamin C deficiency. D) the normal storm and stress of puberty. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B After age 8, girls __________ than boys. A) are slightly shorter and lighter B) have slightly

Every time baby Gloria nurses, she is placed on a nursing pillow. Gloria's mom later noticed that each time Gloria was placed on the pillow, she made sucking movements. In this example, __________ is the conditioned stimulus. A) breast milk B) sucking C) crying D) placement on the pillow Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Beginning in

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is A) initiative versus guilt. B) industry versus inferiority. C) identity versus role confusion. D) intimacy versus isolation. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Health-care proxies A) are appointed under living wills. B) cannot make medical decisions for patients in persistent vegetative states. C) are an important means of covering children

On average, girls reach puberty __________ boys. A) at approximately the same time as B) two months earlier than C) two years earlier than D) two years later than Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C __________ affect(s) the chances that an emotionally reactive baby will become a fearful child. A) Heredity B) Birth order C) Child-rearing practices D) Concentration of the

Compared to shorter-term friendships, A) male friends become more competitive in long-lasting friendships. B) long-lasting friendships generally occur among unmarried men. C) long-lasting male friends disclose more personal information to one another. D) long-lasting male friends engage in joint activities, but limit personal disclosure. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C According to Piaget, specific psychological structures called

A growing number of studies confirm that playing violent video games A) increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior. B) does not spark hostile behavior in nonaggressive children. C) impacts girls more than boys. D) has a greater impact on teens than on preschool and young school-age children. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Which of the following teenagers

Which of the following statements about role overload is true? A) It is greater for men than for women. B) It is greater for women in higher-status jobs. C) While stressful, it is linked to stronger marital relations. D) It is magnified for women in low-status work roles with rigid schedules and little autonomy.

Which of the following statements about the Attachment Q-Sort is true? A) It is not suitable for preschoolers, as it requires self-report. B) It is less time-consuming than the Strange Situation. C) It does not differentiate between types of insecurity. D) Parents' Q-Sorts correspond well with babies' secure-base behavior in the Strange Situation. Answer:

Which of the following statements about euthanasia in the Netherlands is true? A) Euthanasia is most often performed with older, physically healthy patients who are "weary of life." B) Euthanasia is performed by over 50 percent of doctors, most often with cancer patients. C) Voluntary active euthanasia has decreased steadily over the past

__________ is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to the diversity in human traits and abilities. A) Epigenesis B) Behavioral genetics C) Environmental genetics D) Child development Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Ineffective coping A) is largely problem-centered. B) reduces emotional distress. C) is self-blaming, impulsive, or escapist. D) attempts to balance problem- and emotion-centered

Compared with earlier generations, today more young people A) have helped with care of a dying family member. B) reach adulthood without having experienced the death of someone they know well. C) were present at the moment of death of someone they know well. D) know someone close to them, their own age or

Vygotsky challenged Piaget's conclusion that A) toddlers discover make-believe play independently, once they are capable of representational schemes. B) society provides children with opportunities to represent culturally meaningful activities in play. C) make-believe is first learned under the guidance of experts. D) almost all play episodes are initiated by mothers. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Compared

Compared with school-age children, preschoolers A) spend more time involved in tasks. B) are more focused on tasks. C) spend shorter times involved in tasks, but are less distractible. D) spend shorter times involved in tasks and are easily distracted. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D A __________ is a segment of DNA along the length of

By focusing on the shift from a novelty preference to a familiarity preference, researchers can use habituation to assess A) remote memory. B) recent memory. C) an infant's imitation ability. D) an infant's motor development. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky's theory reveals that A) heredity and brain growth contribute significantly to social

Many studies show that A) a whole-language approach is the best method for teaching beginning reading. B) children do not benefit from reading strategies until they have fully mastered phonics. C) fluent readers tend to use ineffective reading strategies and have difficulty with comprehension. D) combining phonics with whole language is the best approach

Creative individuals are A) intolerant of ambiguity. B) rarely driven to succeed. C) willing to try again after failure. D) all highly productive. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following statements about the dual-process model of coping with loss is true? A) Effective coping requires people to shift their focus inward, shutting out the outside stressors

Which of the following statements about sibling relationships in adolescence is true? A) Attachment between siblings remains strong for most young people. B) Siblings who established a positive bond in early childhood tend to display less affection and caring. C) Mild sibling differences in perceived parental affection tend to trigger jealousy. D) Culture has

__________ are the most frequently reported types of elder abuse. A) Physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect B) Sexual abuse, financial abuse, and physical abuse C) Financial abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect D) Physical neglect, sexual abuse, and financial abuse Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following is a characteristic of late-onset delinquency? A) conduct

For most of late adulthood, cognitive declines are A) swift. B) extensive. C) gradual. D) rare. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Which of the following statements about advance medical directives is true? A) The durable power of attorney for health care cannot anticipate all future medical conditions and, thus, the living will is more flexible. B) The durable

Harrison is a popular-antisocial child. Which of the following characteristics is he likely to display? A) He performs well in school and communicates with peers in a friendly way. B) He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who causes trouble and defies adult authority. C) He displays a wide range of negative

In __________ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it. A) problem-centered B) emotion-centered C) effort-centered D) avoidant Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A __________ depth cues arise because our two eyes have slightly different views of the visual field. A) Binocular B) Dimensional C) Pictorial D) Patterned Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A Erikson's

Compared to his Caucasian-American agemates, Leonard, an African-American fourth grader, is more likely to have A) low self-esteem. B) a weaker sense of ethnic pride. C) higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride. D) lower self-esteem, but a stronger sense of ethnic pride. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C From third to sixth grade, boys

Until age 70 or 80, A) insomnia affects few older adults. B) men experience more sleep disturbances than women. C) women go to bed and wake up earlier than men. D) women are more prone to sleep apnea than men. Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Educators who advocate a whole-language approach argue that A) from the beginning,

In the Strange Situation, Philip seeks closeness to his mother and fails to explore. When his mother leaves, Philip is distressed, and on her return he hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment. A) secure B) avoidant C) resistant D) disorganized/disoriented Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Having friends with depressive symptoms A) helps teens develop empathy. B)

A group of 2-year-olds watch through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room. Another group watches the same event on a video screen. Which of the following is likely to occur? A) Children in the direct viewing condition will retrieve the toy easily, while those

Mr. Zietz, a retired drama teacher, spends a lot of his time volunteering at a local community theater. He also enjoys weekend trips to see plays with his former colleagues. Mr. Zietz's activities are consistent with __________ theory. A) disengagement B) activity C) continuity D) socioemotional selectivity Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Ryan is a long-distance

Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by A) practice effects. B) participant dropout. C) sequential timing. D) cohort effects. Answer: D Answer: D Answer: D Between 6 and 10 weeks, the parent's communication with the infant evokes A) the social smile. B) laughter. C) social referencing. D) secure attachment. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: A According to the core knowledge perspective, each of

__________ predicts ego integrity in late adulthood. A) Completion of college B) Midlife generativity C) Retirement D) Identity foreclosure in adolescence Answer: B Answer: B Answer: B Two-year-old D"Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is unhappy, D"Arcy is likely to respond with A) fear and anger. B) anxiety and

The majority of women with children are A) stay-at-home moms. B) work-at-home moms. C) in the work force. D) earning more than their husbands. Answer: C Answer: C Answer: C Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that A) girls who frequently engage in "gender-inappropriate" activities are likely to be ignored by other girls even when they

According to the "random events" theory of biological aging, A) DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through spontaneous or externally caused mutations. B) the human body wears out from use over time. C) the existence of aging genes controls most biological changes. D) environmental factors have little impact on human longevity. Answer: A Answer: A Answer: