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At first, babies are sensitive to virtually all speech sounds, but around 6 months, they A) gain musical rhythm perception. B) begin to perceive grammatical structure in sentences. C) narrow their focus, limiting distinctions to the language they hear and […]

When the inherited blood types of mother and fetus differ, the most common cause of difficulties is A) maternal age. B) Rh factor incompatibility. C) emotional stress. D) prenatal malnutrition. Which of the following women is more likely to delay […]

Which of the following statements about other-sex friendships is true? A) Women are more likely than men to feel sexually attracted to an other-sex friend. B) After marriage, other-sex friendships increase for men but decline for women. C) When a […]

Tom remained an active and vital force within his family until he could no longer carry out that role. Tom’s illness was viewed as a crisis that united family members in caregiving. Tom is most likely a(n) A) African American. […]

Autonomy is made up of a(n) __________ component and a(n) __________ component. A) behavioral; cognitive B) cognitive; emotional C) emotional; behavioral D) behavioral; ethical Which of the following statements about nursing homes is true? A) Care emphasizes rehabilitation rather than […]

__________ is common in middle adulthood. A) Midlife crisis B) Dissatisfaction C) Drastic life alteration D) Life evaluation According to Noam Chomsky, all children have a __________ device that contains a universal grammar. A) language acquisition B) listening C) speaking […]

In Western cultures __________ spend more time with and interact more effectively with infants. A) single fathers who live with their child’s mother B) happily married fathers whose partners cooperate with them in parenting C) divorced fathers who see their […]

Which of the following individuals is the most likely to have an especially hard time following a divorce? A) Anna, who has always had a full-time job B) Rico, who has custody of his three children C) Beatrice, who was […]

As processing speed slows, A) attention heightens. B) executive function improves. C) working memory declines. D) short-term memory improves. The physical changes of late life lead to an increased need for certain nutrients, including A) vitamin D to prevent free […]

Piaget’s conservation-of-liquid task demonstrates that preoperational children’s thinking is characterized by __________ in that they focus on one aspect of a situation, neglecting other important features. A) dynamic transformation B) centration C) hierarchical classification D) irreversibility An extended falloff in […]

Which of the following statements about sexuality in late adulthood is true? A) A majority of older adults attribute little to no importance to sex. B) Most healthy older adult couples report continued, regular sexual enjoyment. C) Men are more […]

One way older adults compensate for neuron loss is A) with an increase in glial cells, which myelinate neural fibers. B) to call on additional brain regions to support cognitive processing. C) with increased efficiency of the central nervous system. […]

Research consistently shows that infants and young children exposed to __________ child care score lower on measures of __________ skills. A) full-time; social B) poor-quality; social and cognitive C) developmentally appropriate; cognitive D) part-time; emotional During early childhood, children’s gender-stereotyped […]

Which of the following statements about divorce in the United States is true? A) Husbands usually report more serious marital problems than wives. B) Men are twice as likely as women to initiate divorce proceedings. C) Infidelity and substance abuse […]

Men and women today are __________ than in previous generations. A) more certain about how to rear children B) less likely to place a high priority on parenting C) less certain about how to rear children D) more likely to […]

Dr. Ewing measured individual differences in a large sample of individuals using intelligence testing. If performances at each age level formed a normal distribution, the results were probably __________-shaped. A) U B) L C) bell D) star During her labor, […]

An important motivator of prosocial behavior is A) sympathy. B) empathy. C) emotional self-regulation. D) fear of punishment. Although Freud’s ideas are no longer accepted as satisfactory explanations of conscience development, Erikson’s image of __________ captures the diverse changes in […]

Max enjoys working with ideas; Madison is emotional and has a high need for individual expression. According to Holland’s six personality types, Max is __________ and Madison is __________. A) investigative; artistic B) realistic; conventional C) enterprising; investigative D) conventional; […]

Compared with grandchildren in intact families, grandchildren in single-parent and stepparent families report A) engaging in fewer activities with their grandparents. B) engaging in more diverse, higher-quality grandparent activities. C) significant conflict with their grandparents. D) less interest in having […]

Yolanda, age 2, is being raised in Texas by a single mother. While Yolanda’s mother works, she does not always have sufficient funds to purchase enough food for a healthy, active life. Yolanda is skinny and withdrawn. Yolanda suffers from […]

Which of the following statements about gender and ethnicity in the workplace is true? A) Inequalities in promotion become less pronounced over time. B) Women who are promoted usually attain the most prestigious high-level management jobs. C) The glass ceiling […]

Alice calls untying her shoelaces “opening” her shoes. This is an example of A) overextension. B) infant-directed speech. C) underextension. D) referential style. Mr. Martin reached the last years of his life feeling whole, complete, and satisfied with his achievements. […]

Nearly _____ percent of American working women are caregivers for aging parents. A) 5 B) 15 C) 20 D) 25 Throughout elementary and secondary school, __________ predicts academic success. A) learned helplessness B) metacognitive awareness C) self-regulation D) interpersonal intelligence […]

Which of the following statements about sex differences in computer use is true? A) Boys show greater use when software programs include background music. B) Girls more often analyze data and use graphics software. C) Girls typically focus on information […]

For most children, the left cerebral hemisphere A) is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off. B) shows slow activity throughout early and middle childhood. C) shows a slight growth spurt between ages 8 and 10. […]

Which student is most at risk for dropping out of college? A) a sophomore at a large state university B) a freshman at a highly selective school C) a sophomore who moves off-campus D) a freshman at a school with […]

Research on handedness demonstrates that A) most left-handers have no developmental problems. B) right-handedness is associated with prematurity. C) there is little cultural variation in rates of left-handedness. D) right-handedness is associated with birth difficulties that can result in brain […]

In Levinson’s destruction”creation developmental task, the midlifer A) gives up certain youthful qualities and finds positive meaning in being older. B) must create a better balance between masculine and feminine parts of the self. C) counters past hurtful acts with […]

__________ refers to acceleration in deterioration of cognitive functioning prior to death. A) Increased morbidity B) Cognitive mortality C) Life expectancy crossover D) Terminal decline Which of the following statements about continuity in the lives of older adults is true? […]

Heritability evidence suggests __________ genetic influences on various aspects of executive function, including combining information in working memory, controlling attention, and inhibiting inappropriate responses. A) little or no B) only minor C) moderate D) substantial Which of the following statements […]

Grandparents are an example of __________ that can promote children’s development. A) unidirectional influences B) third parties C) niche-picking D) a macrosystem A researcher hangs a mobile over the crib of 4-month-old Anya. When the researcher attaches Anya’s foot to […]

__________ are the leading cause of childhood mortality in industrialized nations. A) Carcinogens B) Unintentional injuries C) Birth defects D) Infectious diseases Within every cell (except red blood cells) is a control center, or A) phenotype. B) nucleus. C) genotype. […]

Ivan Pavlov discovered A) observational learning. B) classical conditioning. C) the ego’s positive contributions to development. D) the clinical method. Stranger anxiety is A) uncommon in well-adjusted toddlers. B) less likely if the unfamiliar adult picks up the wary infant. […]

Lanugo A) permits food and oxygen to reach the organism. B) provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother’s movements. C) helps regulate the fetus’s body temperature. D) is a white, downy hair that covers the fetus’s […]

Longitudinal research shows that from age 20 on, __________ decreases steadily. A) verbal ability B) inductive reasoning C) perceptual speed D) numeric ability Studies report __________ in midlife. A) an increase of masculine traits in men B) a decrease of […]

Religious involvement A) tends to interfere with advanced moral development. B) does not seem to prevent early sexual activity and teen pregnancy. C) promotes responsible academic and social behavior. D) increases as adolescents search for a personally meaningful identity. Which […]

Although Justin spent his first 18 months in an orphanage, his adoptive mother believes that sensitive caregiving will help Justin overcome his early experiences. Justin’s mother emphasizes the role of __________ in development. A) nurture B) stages C) stability D) […]

While Marie’s mother lay dying, she told Marie, “I”m not afraid. I have faith. I”m looking forward to what lies ahead.” Marie’s mother views dying as A) a mandate to live ever more fully. B) imprisonment. C) part of life’s […]

Which of the following statements about sex differences in religious involvement and spirituality in late adulthood is true? A) Women and men are equally likely to report that religion is very important to them. B) Women are more likely than […]

Which of the following statements is supported by research on colic? A) Colic is usually a sign of central nervous system damage. B) Infants with colic tend to have persistent low-pitched cries. C) Colic usually subsides between 3 and 6 […]

Shelby accepts her family’s religious beliefs without question. She is characterized by identity A) foreclosure. B) diffusion. C) moratorium. D) achievement. Low-SES older adults are __________ likely than higher-SES older adults to seek medical care because __________. A) less; they […]

Research demonstrates that early make-believe play is A) less frequent and rich in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures. B) the combined result of children’s readiness to engage in it and social experiences that promote it. C) usually initiated by […]

Young toddlers add to their spoken vocabularies at a rate of A) four to five words a day. B) one to three words per week. C) four to five words per week. D) one to three words per month. The […]

Ken, age 14, has trouble concentrating, sleeps excessively, eats little, and has low energy. These might be symptoms of A) an identity crisis. B) depression. C) a vitamin C deficiency. D) the normal storm and stress of puberty. After age […]

Every time baby Gloria nurses, she is placed on a nursing pillow. Gloria’s mom later noticed that each time Gloria was placed on the pillow, she made sucking movements. In this example, __________ is the conditioned stimulus. A) breast milk […]

According to Erikson, the psychological conflict of early adulthood is A) initiative versus guilt. B) industry versus inferiority. C) identity versus role confusion. D) intimacy versus isolation. Health-care proxies A) are appointed under living wills. B) cannot make medical decisions […]

On average, girls reach puberty __________ boys. A) at approximately the same time as B) two months earlier than C) two years earlier than D) two years later than __________ affect(s) the chances that an emotionally reactive baby will become […]

Compared to shorter-term friendships, A) male friends become more competitive in long-lasting friendships. B) long-lasting friendships generally occur among unmarried men. C) long-lasting male friends disclose more personal information to one another. D) long-lasting male friends engage in joint activities, […]

A growing number of studies confirm that playing violent video games A) increases the likelihood of aggressive behavior. B) does not spark hostile behavior in nonaggressive children. C) impacts girls more than boys. D) has a greater impact on teens […]

Which of the following statements about role overload is true? A) It is greater for men than for women. B) It is greater for women in higher-status jobs. C) While stressful, it is linked to stronger marital relations. D) It […]

Which of the following statements about the Attachment Q-Sort is true? A) It is not suitable for preschoolers, as it requires self-report. B) It is less time-consuming than the Strange Situation. C) It does not differentiate between types of insecurity. […]

Which of the following statements about euthanasia in the Netherlands is true? A) Euthanasia is most often performed with older, physically healthy patients who are “weary of life.” B) Euthanasia is performed by over 50 percent of doctors, most often […]

__________ is a field devoted to uncovering the contributions of nature and nurture to the diversity in human traits and abilities. A) Epigenesis B) Behavioral genetics C) Environmental genetics D) Child development Ineffective coping A) is largely problem-centered. B) reduces […]

Compared with earlier generations, today more young people A) have helped with care of a dying family member. B) reach adulthood without having experienced the death of someone they know well. C) were present at the moment of death of […]

Vygotsky challenged Piaget’s conclusion that A) toddlers discover make-believe play independently, once they are capable of representational schemes. B) society provides children with opportunities to represent culturally meaningful activities in play. C) make-believe is first learned under the guidance of […]

Compared with school-age children, preschoolers A) spend more time involved in tasks. B) are more focused on tasks. C) spend shorter times involved in tasks, but are less distractible. D) spend shorter times involved in tasks and are easily distracted. […]

By focusing on the shift from a novelty preference to a familiarity preference, researchers can use habituation to assess A) remote memory. B) recent memory. C) an infant’s imitation ability. D) an infant’s motor development. Cross-cultural research stimulated by Vygotsky’s […]

Many studies show that A) a whole-language approach is the best method for teaching beginning reading. B) children do not benefit from reading strategies until they have fully mastered phonics. C) fluent readers tend to use ineffective reading strategies and […]

Creative individuals are A) intolerant of ambiguity. B) rarely driven to succeed. C) willing to try again after failure. D) all highly productive. Which of the following statements about the dual-process model of coping with loss is true? A) Effective […]

Which of the following statements about sibling relationships in adolescence is true? A) Attachment between siblings remains strong for most young people. B) Siblings who established a positive bond in early childhood tend to display less affection and caring. C) […]

__________ are the most frequently reported types of elder abuse. A) Physical abuse, sexual abuse, and neglect B) Sexual abuse, financial abuse, and physical abuse C) Financial abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect D) Physical neglect, sexual abuse, and financial abuse […]

For most of late adulthood, cognitive declines are A) swift. B) extensive. C) gradual. D) rare. Which of the following statements about advance medical directives is true? A) The durable power of attorney for health care cannot anticipate all future […]

Harrison is a popular-antisocial child. Which of the following characteristics is he likely to display? A) He performs well in school and communicates with peers in a friendly way. B) He is athletically skilled but is a poor student who […]

In __________ coping, children appraise the situation as changeable, identify the difficulty, and decide what to do about it. A) problem-centered B) emotion-centered C) effort-centered D) avoidant __________ depth cues arise because our two eyes have slightly different views of […]

Compared to his Caucasian-American agemates, Leonard, an African-American fourth grader, is more likely to have A) low self-esteem. B) a weaker sense of ethnic pride. C) higher self-esteem and a stronger sense of ethnic pride. D) lower self-esteem, but a […]

Until age 70 or 80, A) insomnia affects few older adults. B) men experience more sleep disturbances than women. C) women go to bed and wake up earlier than men. D) women are more prone to sleep apnea than men. […]

In the Strange Situation, Philip seeks closeness to his mother and fails to explore. When his mother leaves, Philip is distressed, and on her return he hits her. Philip is displaying characteristics of __________ attachment. A) secure B) avoidant C) […]

A group of 2-year-olds watch through a window while a live adult hides an object in an adjoining room. Another group watches the same event on a video screen. Which of the following is likely to occur? A) Children in […]

Mr. Zietz, a retired drama teacher, spends a lot of his time volunteering at a local community theater. He also enjoys weekend trips to see plays with his former colleagues. Mr. Zietz’s activities are consistent with __________ theory. A) disengagement […]

Like longitudinal research, cross-sectional studies can be threatened by A) practice effects. B) participant dropout. C) sequential timing. D) cohort effects. Between 6 and 10 weeks, the parent’s communication with the infant evokes A) the social smile. B) laughter. C) […]

__________ predicts ego integrity in late adulthood. A) Completion of college B) Midlife generativity C) Retirement D) Identity foreclosure in adolescence Two-year-old D”Arcy has parents who encourage emotional expressiveness and show empathetic concern for her feelings. When another child is […]

The majority of women with children are A) stay-at-home moms. B) work-at-home moms. C) in the work force. D) earning more than their husbands. Research on environmental influences on gender typing shows that A) girls who frequently engage in “gender-inappropriate” […]

According to the “random events” theory of biological aging, A) DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through spontaneous or externally caused mutations. B) the human body wears out from use over time. C) the existence of aging genes controls […]