Grandparents are an example of __________ that can promote children’s development.
A) unidirectional influences
B) third parties
C) niche-picking
D) a macrosystem
A researcher hangs a mobile over the crib of 4-month-old Anya. When the researcher
attaches Anya’s foot to the mobile with a long cord, Anya can, by kicking, make the
mobile turn. The turning of the mobile is an example of a(n)
A) reinforcer.
B) punishment.
C) unconditioned stimulus.
D) conditioned response.
Follow-up research indicates that
A) when given simplified tasks based on familiar experiences, preschoolers rely on trial
and error to solve problems.
B) a preoperational stage, as described by Piaget, really exists.
C) Piaget was partly wrong and partly right about young children’s cognitive capacities.
D) preschoolers rely on faulty logic to solve problems even when given simplified tasks
based on familiar experiences.
__________ improves steadily, reaching 20/80 by 6 months and an adult level of about
20/20 by 4 years.
A) Contrast sensitivity
B) Visual acuity
C) Depth perception
D) Pattern perception
Compared with adult mothers, adolescent mothers
A) have low expectations of infants.
B) more often engage in child abuse.
C) perceive their babies as less difficult.
D) interact more efficiently with their infants.
Most experts today regard adaptation during midlife as the result of
A) a combination of growing older and social experiences.
B) qualitative and quantitative changes in thinking over time.
C) one’s acceptance of a shortened lifespan.
D) overcoming a significant crisis.
According to Piaget, the most obvious change as children move from the sensorimotor
to the preoperational stage is an increase in
A) representational, or symbolic, activity.
B) private speech.
C) logical thought.
D) abstract thought.
The reminiscence bump
A) is the period of time in which older adults recall intermediate events more readily
than remote or recent events.
B) is evident in the autobiographical recall of other adults from diverse cultures.
C) characterizes emotionally negative, but not positive, memories.
D) usually involves events that occurred in midlife.
Once children understand that death is permanent, appreciation of __________ soon
follows.
A) inevitability
B) applicability
C) cessation
D) causation
Over time, the ability of __________ children no longer predicts how well they do.
A) mastery-oriented
B) low-SES
C) high-SES
D) learned-helpless
Itzel, a Yucatec Mayan preschooler, is hungry. She is most likely to
A) decide for herself when and how much to eat.
B) ask her mother to make her a meal.
C) wait until the family’s set mealtime to eat.
D) make a pretend meal for herself and her dolls to “eat.”
Paternal availability to children is fairly similar across SES and ethnic groups, with one
exception: __________ fathers spend __________ time engaged.
A) Hispanic; more
B) high-SES; less
C) low-SES; more
D) African-American; more
Which of the following preschool children is the most likely to be a target of harsh,
inconsistent discipline?
A) shy Samantha
B) active Adam
C) cheerful Cheryl
D) helpful Helena
According to __________ theory, children learn primarily through modeling.
A) reinforcement
B) operant conditioning
C) social learning
D) classical conditioning
To reduce the physical discomforts of menopause, Mary Beth’s doctor prescribes low
daily doses of estrogen known as
A) hormone therapy.
B) antidepressants.
C) gabapentin.
D) black cohosh.
Alzheimer’s disease and cerebrovascular dementia are both types of
A) cardiovascular dementia.
B) cortical dementia.
C) subcortical dementia.
D) cerebral hypertrophy.
After the birth of a child, gender roles of husband and wife
A) usually become more traditional.
B) usually become more egalitarian.
C) are similar as before the child was born.
D) are reversed for the first 6 months.
Which of the following statements about psychological well-being in late adulthood is
true?
A) The physical impairment”depression relationship is weaker among higher-SES older
adults.
B) Negative reactions to caregiving can result in persisting depression.
C) The majority of adults over age 75 suffer from chronic depression.
D) Late-life depression tends to be less severe and of shorter duration than depression
earlier in life.
One strategy of positive discipline is
A) punishing children only as a last resort.
B) reducing opportunities for misbehavior.
C) allowing children freedom from family routines and duties.
D) using time out when children are obstinate.
In developing nations with widespread poverty, malnutrition, disease, and armed
conflict, average life expectancy hovers around _____ years.
A) 45
B) 55
C) 65
D) 75
When asked about her future vocational choice, 14-year-old Grace says, “I”m good at
math and I like solving problems. But I like helping people. So maybe teaching math or
working as an engineer would be good.” Grace is in the __________ period of
vocational development.
A) fantasy
B) tentative
C) realistic
D) crystallized
Yassar is a great-grandfather to two young children. Yassar is most likely to describe his
role as
A) very involved.
B) somewhat involved.
C) limited.
D) extremely limited.
Darlene has heavy deposits of plaque containing cholesterol and fats collected on the
walls of her main arteries.
Darlene has
A) hypertension.
B) osteoporosis.
C) arrhythmia.
D) atherosclerosis.
Appreciating mixed emotions helps children realize that
A) people’s expressions may not reflect their true feelings.
B) negative emotions are more frequent than positive emotions.
C) positive and negative emotions cannot be experienced simultaneously.
D) tone of voice is a more accurate predictor of emotion than facial expressions.
Kim is interested in comparing the language development of shy versus outgoing
preschoolers. Kim is most likely interested in __________ that shape development.
A) genetic factors
B) the contexts
C) therapeutic techniques
D) historical factors
In dominant”recessive inheritance, the one allele that affects the child’s characteristics is
called
A) dominant”recessive.
B) dominant.
C) recessive.
D) a carrier.
During middle childhood, child-invented games usually involve
A) simple physical skills and a sizable element of luck.
B) analytical intelligence.
C) competition and adult control.
D) aggressive behavior.
A group of unmarried women in their fifties gathers every month for a book club. At
one meeting, several of the members lament on the fact that they had no sexual partners
during the past year. Their lack of sexual activity can most likely be attributed to
A) a postmenopausal decrease in sexual desire.
B) an increase in impotence among men in their fifties.
C) fewer opportunities for mixed-gender social engagements during midlife.
D) a lack of opportunity due to a higher male mortality rate.
In the United States, the second leading cause of neonatal mortality is __________,
which is largely preventable.
A) low birth weight
B) physical abnormality
C) sudden infant death syndrome
D) malnutrition
The most common vision problem in middle childhood is
A) cataracts.
B) astigmatism.
C) myopia.
D) tunnel vision.