Archives

1) secondary ossification centers occur a) in the diaphysis. b) at the periosteum. c) in the epiphyses. d) in the metaphyses. e) in dermal bones. 2) the spinal cord consists of five regions and ________ segments. a) 5 b) 12 […]

1) superficial muscles that position or stabilize an organ are called a) internus. b) extrinsic. c) profundus. d) intrinsic. e) externus. 2) in which of the following would the blood flow be highest? a) a vessel 0.5 cm in diameter […]

1) if a red blood cell (rbc) is placed in a 0.5% salt solution, which of the following would occur? 1. water will move out of the rbc 2. rbc will hemolyze 3. rbc will crenate 4. water will enter […]

1) figure 5-1 the components of the integumentary system which layer contains most of the accessory structures? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5 2) pam’s daughter is born cross-eyed. as she grows, the problem does not […]

1) which of the following can be calculated if the tidal volume and respiratory rate are known? a) minute volume b) inspiratory reserve volume c) expiratory reserve volume d) anatomical dead space e) forced vital capacity 2) charlie is badly […]

1) the layer of connective tissue that surrounds a fascicle within a peripheral nerve is the a) perineurium. b) epineurium. c) endoneurium. d) epimysium. e) endosteum. 2) which of these refers to the dense connective tissue that surrounds a muscle […]

1) a brain injury to a patient results in facial paralysis. which descending tract is most likely affected? a) corticospinal tract b) tectospinal tract c) rubrospinal tract d) corticobulbar tract e) reticulospinal tract 2) a decrease in the autonomic tone […]

1) a patient with a connective tissue disease experiences increased pulmonary vascular resistance. over a period of time you would expect to observe a) increased cardiac output from the right ventricle. b) increased cardiac output from the left ventricle. c) […]

1) the ________ provides the principal link between the nervous and endocrine systems. a) cerebellum b) medulla oblongata c) cerebrum d) pons e) hypothalamus 2) cancer cells a) are indistinguishable from normal body cells. b) have a slow mitotic rate. […]

1) which of these phrases most aptly describes “muscle insertion”? a) broad tendon sheet b) connective tissue that surrounds a single muscle fiber c) tendon attachment that doesn’t move d) tendon attachment that moves e) connective tissue that surrounds an […]

1) which of the following labels best matches osteocyte? a) stem cell b) dissolves matrix c) mature bone cell d) secretes organic matrix 2) how would a molecule that mimics camp affect an olfactory receptor? a) it would increase sodium […]

1) the following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. 1. several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. cytotoxic t cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. t cells with specific receptors […]

1) in passive immunization, the a) immune system attacks normal body cells. b) body is deliberately exposed to an antigen. c) body receives antibodies produced by other humans. d) body receives antibodies produced by an animal. e) body receives antibodies […]

1) an area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the a) outer segment. b) inner segment. c) fovea. d) optic disc. e) tapetum lucidum. 2) mary is tested for the amount […]

1) blood from capillaries on the superior surface of the foot drains into a(n) a) plantar vein. b) dorsal venous arch. c) small saphenous vein. d) peroneal vein. e) iliac vein. 2) severe kidney damage (such as glomerulonephritis) often leads […]

1) the major cation in cytoplasm is a) sodium. b) potassium. c) calcium. d) magnesium. e) iron. 2) urine is eliminated through the a) liver. b) urinary bladder. c) kidney. d) ureter. e) urethra. Answer: e 3) the medullary cords […]

1) hundreds of years ago explorers often died of scurvy. how can this bone-related disease be prevented? a) supplement the diet with more calcium from meat. b) increase levels of testosterone to stimulate bone repair. c) supplement the diet with […]

1) the posterior horns of the spinal cord contain mainly a) sensory nuclei. b) somatic motor nuclei. c) autonomic motor nuclei. d) nerve tracts. e) sympathetic nuclei. 2) in order to perform a cabg, a cardiac surgeon must a) open […]

1) cartilage is separated from surrounding tissues by a fibrous a) perichondrium. b) lacunae. c) periosteum. d) canaliculi. e) matrix. 2) tissue factor (factor iii) is a factor in the ________ pathway. a) extrinsic b) intrinsic c) common d) retraction […]

1) the ________ interactions allow bone to be strong, somewhat flexible, and highly resistant to shattering. a) collagen-fiber b) protein-crystal c) mineral-crystal d) protein-protein e) hydroxyapatite-crystal 2) figure 21-2 veins identify the vein labeled “10” a) inferior vena cava Answer: […]

1) the bones that form the fingers are the a) carpals. b) tarsals. c) metacarpals. d) metatarsals. e) phalanges. 2) which of the following would you expect to see in increased numbers in a peripheral blood sample after donating a […]

1) which vessel is known as a resistance vessel? a) arteriole b) elastic c) connective d) muscular e) venule 2) the bones that form the palm are the a) carpals. b) tarsals. c) metacarpals. d) metatarsals. e) phalanges. Answer: c […]

1) muscles that extend the elbow attach to the a) coronoid process. b) radial tuberosity. c) olecranon process. d) medial epicondyle. e) lateral epicondyle. 2) if you bruised your gluteus maximus, you would expect to experience discomfort when a) flexing […]

1) which of these changes does not occur at birth when an infant takes its first breaths? a) blood flow to the lungs decreases. b) the resistance in the pulmonary arteries decreases. c) changes in blood flow cause the foramen […]

1) near the carotid sinus, a) the common carotid divides into an internal and an external branch. b) the internal carotids fuse with the vertebral arteries. c) the external carotid forms the internal carotid. d) veins and arteries anastomose. e) […]

1) figure 6-1 bone tissue which structure is termed an osteon? a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5 2) the synarthrosis that binds the teeth to the bony sockets is a a) suture. b) gomphosis. c) synchondrosis. […]

1) joints in which adjacent bones are joined by a strong interosseous ligament are a) symphyses. b) synarthroses. c) syndesmoses. d) diarthroses. e) synchrondroses. 2) figure 19-1 the origins and differentiation of formed elements identify the cell labeled “3” a) […]

1) which of the following descriptions best matches the term uterine tube? a) has ciliated epithelium b) has stratified squamous epithelium c) covers the glans penis or glans clitoris d) where mature sperm are stored and processed e) passes through […]

1) each of the following hormones is an amino acid derivative, except a) epinephrine. b) norepinephrine. c) thyroid hormone. d) thyroid-stimulating hormone. e) melatonin. 2) opioids relieve pain by blocking the release of a) substance o. b) substance p. c) […]

1) blood returning to the heart from the systemic circuit first enters the a) right atrium. b) right ventricle. c) left atrium. d) left ventricle. e) conus arteriosus. 2) excessive abdominopelvic pressure can cause a) inguinal hernia. b) diaphragmatic hernia. […]

1) each of the following organ systems excretes wastes to some degree, except the ________ system. a) urinary b) integumentary c) digestive d) endocrine e) respiratory 2) the action of thyroid hormone on a target cell involves all these steps […]

1) autoantibodies are a) produced by activated t cells. b) produced during an allergic reaction. c) directed against the body’s own antigens. d) the first step in immunological competence. e) important in tissue rejection reactions. 2) the circumflex branch and […]

1) the fold of peritoneum that extends out from the ovary to the wall of the pelvis is called the a) suspensory ligament. b) tunica albuginea. c) ovarian ligament. d) ovarian hilum. e) uterovesical ligament. 2) the bones that give […]

1) the term used to describe excess production of urine is a) polyuria. b) polydipsia. c) hematuria. d) glycosuria. e) diabetes insipidis 2) the muscle that elevates the tongue is the a) genioglossus. b) hyoglossus. c) palatoglossus. d) styloglossus. e) […]

1) many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the cns because a) oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons. b) the endothelium of cns capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier. c) the neurolemma is […]

1) alpha cells are to ________ as beta cells are to ________. a) glucagon; insulin b) somatostatin; insulin c) insulin; glucagon d) glucagon; somatostatin e) pancreatic polypeptide; insulin 2) which of the following is a property of the mamillary bodies? […]

1) the activities of the digestive system are regulated by a) hormones. b) parasympathetic and sympathetic neurons. c) the contents of the digestive tract. d) intrinsic nerve plexuses. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) the site where fertilization […]

1) when does oxyhemoglobin form during respiration? a) during external respiration b) immediately after carbon dioxide enters the blood c) when the chloride shift occurs d) during pulmonary ventilation e) during internal respiration 2) all of the following are true […]

1) a joint where bones fuse together with bone tissue is called a a) synchondrosis. b) syndesmosis. c) synostosis. d) symphysis. e) suture. 2) ________ centers receive information from many association areas and direct extremely complex motor activities such as […]

1) the maintenance of a relatively constant internal environment in an organism is termed a) positive feedback. b) homeostasis. c) negative feedback. d) effector control. e) integration. 2) which surface feature(s) along the ilium mark(s) attachment sites for large hip […]

1) a fatty acid that contains two or more double covalent bonds is said to be a) saturated. b) monounsaturated. c) polyunsaturated. d) hydrogenated. e) carboxylated. 2) which of these descriptions best matches the term myenteric plexus? a) component of […]

1) approximately ________ liters of peritoneal fluid are produced and reabsorbed each day. a) 10 b) 9 c) 15 d) 7 e) 20 2) figure 28-1 the male reproductive system identify the structure labeled “3” a) corpora cavernosa b) prostatic […]

1) terms of anatomical direction are used to describe a) one body part in relation to another. b) surgical procedures. c) a supine position. d) the nervous system. e) living matter. 2) steroid hormones a) are proteins. b) cannot diffuse […]

1) the region where blood vessels enter the ovary is called the a) infundibulopelvic ligament. b) tunica albuginea. c) ovarian umbilical cord. d) ovarian hilum. e) ovarian ligament. 2) after heavy exercise, if energy reserves in a muscle are depleted, […]

1) the linea aspera is located on the a) humerus. b) tibia. c) ischium. d) femur. e) scapula. 2) the left ventricle pumps blood to the a) lungs. b) right ventricle. c) right atrium. d) aorta. e) pulmonary circuit. Answer: […]

1) in response to hemorrhage, there is a) peripheral vasodilation. b) increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart. c) mobilization of the venous reserve. d) constriction of elastic arteries to maintain blood pressure. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) […]

1) the senses of equilibrium and hearing are provided by receptors in the a) membranous endolymph. b) organ of schlemm. c) inner ear. d) bony labyrinth. e) perilymph. 2) the pituitary hormone that causes the kidney to reduce water loss […]

1) fat is stored within the a) medullary cavity. b) metaphysis. c) spongy bone. d) epiphysis. e) diaphysis. 2) during implantation, the a) syncytial trophoblast erodes a path through the endometrium. b) inner cell mass begins to form the placenta. […]

1) in large arteries, the thick layer of elastic fibers is called the a) tunica intima. b) external elastic membrane. c) tunica media. d) internal elastic membrane. e) tunica externa. 2) the obturator nerve is distributed to the a) adductors […]

1) types of skin cancers include a) squamous cell carcinoma. b) malignant melanoma. c) basal cell carcinoma. d) actinic keratosis. e) a, b, and c 2) the pituitary hormone that promotes ovarian secretion of progesterone and testicular secretion of testosterone […]

1) each of the following is a normal constituent of urine, except a) hydrogen ions. b) urea. c) proteins. d) amino acids. e) creatinine. 2) the condition known as “flat feet” is due to a lower-than-normal longitudinal arch in the […]

1) immunoglobulins that attach to and sensitize mast cells and basophils are a) iga. b) igd. c) ige. d) igg. e) igm. 2) reflection of the trapezius muscle exposes the a) serratus anterior and subclavian muscles. b) infraspinatus and teres […]

1) immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity. a) active b) naturally acquired passive c) passive d) auto e) innate 2) mary is 50 years old and has entered […]

1) scarring of the rete testis would interfere with a man’s ability to a) secrete testosterone. b) regulate spermatogenesis. c) ejaculate. d) produce an alkaline semen. e) deliver spermatozoa to the epididymis. 2) the pituitary hormone that triggers the release […]

1) whole blood for testing in a clinical laboratory is usually collected from a) the heart. b) a superficial artery. c) a superficial vein. d) a capillary. e) an arteriole. 2) if an individual carries two different alleles for the […]

1) the thin filaments of striated muscle are made primarily of which protein(s)? a) actin b) tropomyosin c) troponin d) nebulin e) all of the answers are correct. 2) as blood leaves the right ventricle it passes through the ________ […]

1) in adults, the only site of red blood cell production, and the primary site of white blood cell formation, is the a) liver. b) spleen. c) thymus. d) red bone marrow. e) yellow bone marrow. 2) clusters of ganglionic […]

1) the anterior muscle of facial expression that inserts widely on the periosteum of the mandible is the a) temporalis. b) masseter. c) lateral pterygoideus. d) medial pterygoideus. e) platysma. 2) the ________ passes through the ________. a) vagus nerve; […]

1) taste buds are monitored by cranial nerves a) ix, x, xi. b) vii, viii, ix. c) vii, ix, x. d) v, vii, ix. e) ix, xi, xii. 2) cerebrospinal fluid enters the blood circulation at the a) jugular veins. […]

1) which of the following statements about the menstrual cycle is true? a) the first occurrence is termed menarche b) it is ultimately controlled by gnrh c) is skipped in pregnancy d) often involves painful myometrial contraction e) all of […]

1) chemoreceptors are located in all of the following, except a) carotid bodies. b) aortic bodies. c) in the skin. d) the organs of taste. e) the organs of smell. 2) each of the following nerves originates in the lumbar […]

1) hydrocephalus or “water on the brain” may result from a) deficient production of cerebrospinal fluid. b) excessive production of cerebrospinal fluid. c) blockage of circulation of csf. d) excessive water intake. e) blockage of csf circulation or excessive csf […]

1) the thoroughfare channel ends at the a) artery. b) arteriole. c) capillary. d) venule. e) vein. 2) if the disulfide bonds in igg were broken, how many protein chains would be set free? a) 2 b) 4 c) 6 […]

1) blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary circuit first enters the a) right atrium. b) right ventricle. c) left atrium. d) left ventricle. e) conus arteriosus. 2) each of the following structures is associated with the sphenoid bone, […]

1) the chloride shift occurs in order to a) force oxygen out of the blood and into tissues. b) transport bicarbonate ions into the blood plasma. c) produce salt for the cytosol of blood cells. d) produce carbonic acid. e) […]

1) one mole of any element a) has the same mass. b) has the same weight. c) has the same number of atoms. d) has the same number of electrons. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) generally, cells […]

1) the hormone calcitonin functions to a) stimulate osteoclast activity. b) decrease the rate of calcium excretion. c) decrease the rate of calcium absorption. d) decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. e) stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts. […]

1) a scuba diver has been deep underwater and suddenly rises to the surface too fast. why does the diver get decompression sickness? a) pressure decreases and carbon dioxide rushes into cells. b) pressure changes too fast and the carbon […]

1) when carotid and aortic baroreceptors slow their discharge, a) heart rate increases. b) heart rate decreases. c) stroke volume increases. d) both heart rate and stroke volume increase. e) the heart rate will decrease to lower blood pressure. 2) […]

1) the cardiovascular reflexes are based in the a) cerebrum. b) mesencephalon. c) cerebellum. d) medulla oblongata. e) spinal cord. 2) muscles known as the pharyngeal constrictors function in a) mastication. b) moving the tongue. c) swallowing. d) esophageal peristalsis. […]

1) the serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity a) secretes peritoneal fluid. b) decreases friction. c) lubricates the cavity. d) prevents irritation. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) the largest component of the coxal bone is the […]

1) figure 7-1 floor of the cranial cavity identify the internal occipital crest. a) 1 b) 2 c) 3 d) 4 e) 5 2) a solution that contains a lower osmotic pressure than the cytoplasm of a cell is called […]

1) the basal nuclei a) plan and coordinate voluntary muscle activity. b) provide the general pattern and rhythm for movements such as walking. c) coordinate sensory information. d) control the secretions of the pituitary gland. e) control respiration and blood […]

1) drugs that have effects similar to those of sympathetic activation are called sympathomimetic drugs. which of the following would you not expect to observe in a person who has taken a sympathomimetic drug? a) sweating b) increased heart rate […]

1) secondary spermatocytes each contain a) 23 chromosomes. b) 23 pairs of chromosomes. c) twice the diploid number of chromosomes. d) 46 pairs of chromosomes. e) 46 chromosomes. 2) which of the following muscles compresses the abdomen? a) diaphragm and […]

1) the portion of the nasal cavity contained within the flexible tissues of the external nose is the a) nasopharynx. b) vestibule. c) internal chamber. d) conchae. e) nasal septum. 2) type ii diabetes is characterized by: a) a lack […]

1) within each hemisphere, deep to the floor of the lateral ventricle, you will find the a) anterior commissures. b) basal nuclei. c) motor association areas. d) visual cortex. e) auditory cortex. 2) all of the following are true of […]

1) which of the following statements is (are) true regarding human muscles? a) most have both slow and fast fibers. b) slow fibers are abundant in the calf muscles. c) eye muscles are composed entirely of fast fibers. d) slow […]

1) two types of vesicular transport include a) endocytosis and retrocytosis. b) endocytosis and exocytosis. c) exocytosis and retrocytosis. d) pinocytosis and active transport. e) passive diffusion and active diffusion. 2) in hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with a) hydrogen, causing […]

1) a mature red blood cell lacks a nucleus; therefore, it a) can repair itself readily. b) is malformed. c) can only divide once more. d) will be a long-lived cell. e) cannot make new proteins and will be worn […]

1) calcium ions serve as messengers, often in combination with the intracellular protein a) calcitonin. b) calcitriol. c) calmodulin. d) calcium-binding globulin. e) calcitropin. 2) antigens of the surface of red blood cells are also called ________ and antibodies in […]

1) the preferred site for intramuscular (im) injections in infants that is part of the four muscles in the anterior thigh is the a) gluteus maximus. b) gluteus minimus. c) soleus. d) vastus lateralis. e) deltoid. 2) unlike cartilage, bone […]

1) an excess of hydrogen ions in the body fluids can have fatal results because this can a) break chemical bonds. b) change the shape of large complex molecules, rendering them nonfunctional. c) disrupt tissue functions. d) change body fluid […]

1) if fertilization occurs, the ________ is maintained because the embryo secretes ________. a) corpus albicans; human chorionic gonadotrophin b) corpus luteum; luteinizing hormone c) corpus cavernosum; human chorionic gonadotrophin d) corpus luteum; human chorionic gonadotrophin e) corpus albicans; placental […]

1) bone is composed of ________ percent cells. a) 25 b) 10 c) 2 d) 15 e) 50 2) in general, autonomic tone of peripheral blood vessels increases when a) sympathetic stimulation is increased. b) sympathetic stimulation is decreased. c) […]

1) ependymal cells work to a) surround the capillaries of the choroid plexus. b) secrete csf into the ventricles. c) remove waste products from csf. d) adjust the composition of csf. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) which […]

1) the neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the a) astrocytes. b) ependymal cells. c) microglia. d) oligodendrocytes. e) schwann cells. 2) contracting the gastrocnemius muscles to elevate the body on the toes involves a ________ […]

1) figure 15-1 spinothalamic tracts which of the following is true regarding the structure labeled “6”? 1. the synapse occurs between motor neurons. 2. the sensations may be filtered out. 3. the third-order neuron projects to the primary sensory cortex. […]

1) the three categories of connective tissues are a) connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissues, and supporting connective tissues. b) epithelial, muscle, and neural tissues. c) glandular, exocrine, and endocrine. d) connective tissue proper, cartilages, and bone. e) areolar, adipose, […]

1) the space occupied by an osteocyte is called a a) volkmann’s canal. b) lacuna. c) trabecula. d) haversian canal. e) venetian canal. 2) the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus a) are in the medulla and relay somatic sensory information […]

1) microtubules have which of the following functions? a) they form structural components of organelles. b) they move chromosomes during cell division. c) they provide a mechanism for changing the cell shape. d) molecular motors move along them. e) all […]

1) all of the following are true of the lining of the stomach, except that it a) has a simple columnar epithelium. b) is covered by a thick, viscous mucus. c) is constantly being replaced. d) contains gastric pits. e) […]

1) the main action of antidiuretic hormone is: a) increased water conservation by kidneys b) stimulate kidney cells to secrete renin c) increase urine output to remove excess fluid d) increased blood pressure by increased na+ reabsorption e) inhibition of […]

1) the layer of the skin that contains the blood vessels and nerves that are closest to the surface of the skin is the ________ layer. a) papillary b) reticular c) epidermal d) subcutaneous e) hypodermal 2) transferrin is an […]

1) exchange between the two main subdivisions of ecf occurs primarily at the a) veins. b) muscles. c) tissues. d) capillaries. e) arteries. 2) a sample of tissue displays many large flattened spaces lined by fenestrated endothelium. blood moves slowly […]

1) if the corpus callosum is surgically cut, a) the two cerebral hemispheres operate independently. b) symptoms of the “disconnection syndrome” appear. c) objects touched by the left hand can be recognized but not verbally identified. d) conscious decisions are […]

1) indicate which of these lists contains only trace elements. a) sulfur, chlorine, oxygen b) selenium, hydrogen, calcium c) boron, oxygen, carbon d) silicon, fluorine, tin e) cobalt, calcium, sodium 2) the most abundant component of plasma is a) ions. […]

1) the presence of a recessive gene can be detected (seen) only if the individual is a) homozygous recessive. b) heterozygous dominant. c) heterozygous recessive. d) homozygous dominant. e) epistatic recessive. 2) cells that engulf bacteria or cell debris within […]

1) a simple endocrine reflex involves ________ hormone(s). a) one b) two c) hypothalamic d) gonadotropic e) tropic 2) respiratory function deteriorates as a result of pneumonia because inflammation a) causes fluids to leak into the alveoli. b) causes respiratory […]

1) figure 7-2 typical vertebra (inferior view) identify the structure labeled “2” a) transverse process b) superior articular process c) pedicle d) inferior articular process e) lamina 2) figure 20-1 the heart identify the structure labeled “21” a) bicuspid valve […]

1) damage to the pectoralis major would interfere with a person’s ability to a) extend the forearm. b) abduct the humerus. c) adduct the humerus. d) elevate the scapula. e) rotate the elbow. 2) if the sodium-potassium pumps in the […]

1) epsps (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) occur when a) more potassium ions than usual leak out of a cell. b) more calcium ions than usual leak out of a cell. c) chloride ions enter a cell. d) extra sodium ions enter […]

1) all of the following occur during the postabsorptive state, except that a) glycogenolysis occurs in the liver. b) levels of blood glucose are elevated. c) ketone bodies may be formed. d) fat mobilization occurs. e) gluconeogenesis occurs in the […]

1) in adults, erythropoiesis exclusively takes place in a) the liver. b) yellow bone marrow. c) red bone marrow. d) the spleen. e) lymphoid tissue. 2) sensory innervation of the lower teeth and gums is by the ________ nerve. a) […]

1) opening of sodium channels in the axon membrane causes a) depolarization. b) repolarization. c) hyperpolarization. d) increased negative charge inside the membrane. e) inhibition. 2) figure 15-1 spinothalamic tracts identify the structure labeled “5” a) thalamus b) cerebral cortex […]

1) figure 12-1 the neuron the structure labeled “2” is a a) soma. b) dendrite. c) initial segment. d) perikaryon. e) axon. 2) the postganglionic fibers that connect an autonomic ganglion in the thoracic or lumbar region with the spinal […]

1) which of the following muscles has its origin on the hyoid and inserts on the tongue? a) hyoglossus b) lateral pterygoideus c) sternohyoid d) thyrohyoid e) geniohyoid 2) during gestation, contraction of the myometrium is inhibited by ________, produced […]

1) the citric acid cycle is an aerobic process because a) adp is phosphorylated. b) fadh2 is produced. c) citric acid molecules have oxygen atoms. d) oxygen is needed to remove carbon atoms as carbon dioxide. e) nah+ is converted […]

1) which of these is not one of the facial bones? a) frontal b) maxilla c) vomer d) mandible e) zygomatic 2) compounds that can be synthesized or broken down by chemical reactions inside the body are called a) inorganic […]

1) sensory nerve cells, parasympathetic ganglia, and sympathetic postganglionic fibers can be found in the a) mucosa. b) serosa. c) adventitia. d) submucosal plexus. e) lamina propria. 2) the foramen ovale in the fetal heart is located in the a) […]

1) plasma composes about ________ percent of whole blood and water composes ________ percent of the plasma volume. a) 55; 92 b) 92; 7 c) 92; 55 d) 45; 55 e) 50; 50 2) when renin is released from the […]

1) menstruation is triggered by a drop in the levels of a) fsh. b) lh. c) relaxin. d) progesterone. e) inhibin. 2) the uterine phase that develops because of a fall in progesterone levels is a) the menses. b) the […]

1) microfilaments a) are usually composed of myosin. b) are hollow, filamentous structures. c) anchor the cytoskeleton to integral proteins of the cell membrane. d) interact with filaments composed of tubulin to produce muscle contractions. e) are found in the […]

1) in meningitis, a) inflammation of the meninges occurs. b) bacteria can be the cause. c) viruses can be the cause. d) csf flow can be disrupted. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) more than half the heat […]

1) which of the following is normally the greatest source acting against blood flow? a) vascular resistance b) venous pressure c) viscosity of blood d) vessel length e) turbulence 2) mary had her stomach mostly removed to try to overcome […]

1) the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood is approximately a) 40 mm hg. b) 45 mm hg. c) 50 mm hg. d) 70 mm hg. e) 100 mm hg. 2) complications related to arteriosclerosis account for roughly ________ […]

1) what would the complimentary (matching) mrna and trna molecules be from a dna molecule that has the following triplets? coding strand: atg-caa template strand:tac-gtt a) mrna: aug-caa,trna: tac-gtt b) mrna: atg-caa,trna: tac-gtt c) mrna: uac-guu,trna: aug-caa d) mrna: tac-gtt,trna: […]

1) about 70% of carbon dioxide is transported in deoxygenated blood a) as dissolved co2 in the blood plasma. b) as bicarbonate ions bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells. c) combined with hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin. d) as bicarbonate ions […]

1) figure 13-1 the spinal cord identify the structure labeled “4” a) posterior gray column b) dorsal gray ganglion c) posterior white column d) posterior gray horn e) anterior gray horn 2) ________ generally causes a rapid increase in the […]

1) during the cori cycle, in the liver a) glucose is released from glycogen. b) lactic acid is produced from glucose. c) glucose is produced from lactic acid. d) lactic acid is produced from pyruvic acid. e) lactic acid is […]

1) examples of sensory stimuli include a) touch. b) warmth. c) pain. d) vibration. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) wharton’s jelly is a form of a) marfan’s syndrome. b) mucous connective tissue. c) ground substance. d) collagen […]

1) organelles that break down fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide are a) lysosomes. b) peroxisomes. c) endocytic vesicles. d) nuclei. e) toxisomes. 2) in which of the following situations would you expect the blood level of bilirubin to be elevated? […]

1) all target cells a) have hormone receptors. b) respond to electrical signals. c) secrete hormones. d) produce their own hormones. e) are in the blood. 2) the tract that links the cerebellum with the pons is the a) superior […]

1) parkinson’s disease is the result of a) inadequate production of gaba by neurons in the basal nuclei. b) decreased levels of acetylcholine from neurons in the substantia nigra. c) inadequate production of dopamine by substantia nigra neurons. d) hyperactivity […]

1) active sites on the actin become available for binding after a) actin binds to troponin. b) troponin binds to tropomyosin. c) calcium binds to troponin. d) calcium binds to tropomyosin. e) myosin binds to troponin. 2) changes in blood […]

1) the inherited brain disorder huntington’s disease is caused by the destruction of basal nuclei that use different neurotransmitters. one neurotransmitter is ________ and the other is ________. a) acetylcholine; serotonin b) serotonin; norepinephrine c) norepinephrine; serotonin d) acetylcholine; gaba […]

1) nodding your head “yes” is an example of a) lateral and medial rotation. b) circumduction. c) flexion and extension. d) pronation and supination. e) protraction and retraction. 2) small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the […]

1) the genetically programmed death of cells is called a) differentiation. b) replication. c) apoptosis. d) metastasis. e) mitosis. 2) the deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as a) hardening. b) ossification. c) calcification. d) osteogenesis. […]

1) the medial border of the fibula is bound to the ________ by the interosseous membrane. a) femur b) tibia c) patella d) navicular e) femur and the tibia 2) the freedom of movement is relatively greater in the a) […]

1) figure 12-1 the neuron which type of membrane channels are found at label “3”? a) voltage-gated na+ channels b) voltage-gated k+ channels c) chemically-gated na+ and k+ channels d) voltage-gated ca2+ channels e) both voltage-gated na+ channels and voltage-gated […]

1) interstitial cells produce a) sperm. b) inhibin. c) nutrients. d) androgens. e) androgen-binding protein. 2) figure 10-2 muscle contractions what is the contraction in graph (a) called? a) complete tetanus b) incomplete tetanus c) twitch d) wave summation e) […]

1) haustra are a) expansible pouches of the colon. b) strips of muscle in the colon. c) glands in the large intestine that secrete mucus. d) the source of colon hormones. e) compact feces stored in the rectum. 2) the […]

1) follicle-stimulating hormone a) stimulates the thyroid follicles. b) stimulates ovulation. c) stimulates maturation of primordial follicles in the ovary. d) is important only in females. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) sensory information is processed and relayed […]

1) which of the following regions corresponds to the buttocks? a) pelvic b) cephalic c) gluteal d) lumbar e) thoracic 2) the pituitary hormone that stimulates the interstitial cells to secrete testosterone is a) fsh. b) lh. c) acth. d) […]

1) ectoderm is to ________ as mesoderm is to ________. a) neural tissue; muscle tissue b) cardiovascular system; neural tissue c) mesoderm; endoderm d) neural tissue; epithelial tissue e) muscle tissue; nerve tissue 2) what structure is covered by many […]

1) vertebrae of which regions are fused in the adult? a) lumbar region b) sacral region c) coccygeal region d) thoracic e) sacral and coccygeal regions 2) which of the following cytoskeleton components moves the chromosomes during cell division? a) […]

1) bill contracts a viral disease that destroys cells in the posterior gray horns in his spinal cord. as a result, which of the following would you expect? a) loss of sensation in his torso b) inability to breathe c) […]

1) the disease osteomalacia causes calcium loss from the skeleton, which would result in bones that are a) more resistant to compression. b) stronger and heavier. c) stronger and contain more spongy bone. d) weaker and more flexible. e) weaker […]

1) the connective tissue fibers of the myocardium a) add strength and prevent overexpansion of the heart. b) help distribute the forces of contraction. c) provide elasticity to help return the heart to its normal size. d) provide physical support […]

1) which of the following is not one of the forms of fascicle organization? a) perpendicular b) parallel c) convergent d) pennate e) circular 2) the following is a list of some airways. 1. secondary bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar […]

1) an epiphyseal line is an example of a a) gomphosis. b) synchondrosis. c) synostosis. d) symphysis. e) syndesmosis. 2) a primary spermatocyte matures into ________ spermatids having ________ chromosomes. a) millions of; 46 b) four; 23 c) one; 46 […]

1) the superior and inferior temporal lines mark the points of attachment for a) muscles that stabilize the skull at the vertebral column. b) muscles that open and close the eye. c) muscles that close the mouth. d) muscles that […]

1) the following are structural components of the conducting system of the heart. 1. purkinje fibers 2. av bundle 3. av node 4. sa node 5. bundle branches the sequence in which excitation would move through this system is a) […]

1) branches of the thoracic aorta include all of the following, except the ________ arteries. a) basilar b) superior phrenic c) esophageal d) bronchial e) intercostal 2) the potential difference across the cell membrane is due to the separation of […]

1) the weakest bond between two atoms is the ________ bond. a) ionic b) covalent c) polar d) nonpolar e) hydrogen 2) the odontoid process is found on the a) atlas. b) axis. c) sacrum. d) coccyx. e) ribs. Answer: […]

1) the highest concentration of merocrine sweat glands is found a) in the axillae. b) on the chest. c) on the palms of the hands. d) on the upper back. e) surrounding the genitals. 2) figure 8-1 the scapula what […]

1) the organ that monitors and adjusts the composition of tubular fluid, recycles damaged spermatozoa, and is the site of sperm maturation is the a) ductus deferens. b) rete testis. c) seminal gland (seminal vesicle). d) epididymis. e) prostate gland. […]

1) figure 10-1 skeletal muscle fiber what is released from the structure labeled “9”? a) sarcoplasm b) acetylcholine c) protein d) calcium ions e) acetylcholinesterase 2) a stimulus that changes a postsynaptic neuron’s membrane from resting potential to -85 mv […]

1) when atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form a) ionic bonds. b) covalent bonds. c) hydrogen bonds. d) anions. e) cations. 2) puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. what effect would […]

1) figure 20-2 cardiac cycle what is occurring in the left atrium at the circle labeled “2” on the graph? a) left atrium is pressurizing the left ventricle b) left atrium is in systole c) left atrial pressure is decreasing […]

1) the ________ supports all but 25 cm of the small intestine and provides stability and limited movement. a) falciform ligament b) greater omentum c) mesentery proper d) lesser omentum e) diaphragm 2) figure 19-1 the origins and differentiation of […]

1) when cartilage is produced at the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis at the same rate as bone is deposited on the opposite side, bones a) grow longer. b) grow wider. c) become shorter. d) become more porous and weaker. […]

1) the majority of glomeruli are located in the ________ of the kidney. a) vasa recta b) medulla c) cortex d) pelvis e) calyces 2) a suture is an example of a(n) a) synarthrosis. b) syndesmosis. c) symphysis. d) diarthrosis. […]

1) a drug that blocks the action of the hormone cholecystokinin would affect a) acid production by the stomach. b) the composition of pancreatic secretions. c) the delivery of bile. d) digestion of lipids and proteins. e) all of the […]

1) the chin is ________ to the nose. a) anterior b) superior c) posterior d) inferior e) medial 2) stem cells that can form all types of lymphocytes are concentrated in the a) circulation. b) thymus. c) red marrow. d) […]

1) which of the following is not true of monocytes? a) about same size as basophils b) enter tissues and wander c) become macrophages d) are long lived e) can phagocytize bacteria 2) how would the absolute refractory period be […]

1) in a ________ muscle, the fascicles are concentrically arranged around an opening. a) convergent b) parallel c) straight d) pennate e) circular 2) lymphocytes a) are actively phagocytic. b) destroy red blood cells. c) respond to antigens. d) are […]

1) figure 7-1 floor of the cranial cavity what is the name of the structure labeled “8”? a) sella turcica b) foramen ovale c) foramen rotundum d) carotid canal e) foramen spinosum 2) fast fibers a) have low resistance to […]

1) the advantage of having many nuclei in a skeletal muscle fiber is a) the ability to contract. b) the ability to produce more atp with little oxygen. c) the ability to store extra dna for metabolism. d) the ability […]

1) the placenta is a source of which of these hormones? a) hcg b) relaxin c) placental lactogen d) progesterone e) all of the answers are correct. 2) ________ are blade-shaped teeth that function in cutting or clipping. a) canines […]

1) the muscle weakness of myasthenia gravis results from a) insufficient acetylcholine release from presynaptic vesicles. b) loss of acetylcholine receptors in the end-plate membrane. c) the motor neuron action potential being too small to shock the muscle fibers. d) […]

1) a vein that measures 5 mm would be considered a) a large vein. b) a venule. c) a medium vein. d) an arteriovenule. e) a venous valve. 2) lipogenesis generally begins with a) glucose. b) amino acids. c) fatty […]

1) if 8 molecules of nadh from the citric acid cycle entered the ets, how much atp would be produced? a) 36 atp b) 32 atp c) 3 atp d) 8 atp e) 24 atp 2) during exercise a) venous […]

1) the digestive tract is also referred to as the a) alimentary canal. b) esophagus. c) gi tract. d) alimentary canal and the gi tract. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) red blood cell production is regulated by […]

1) renal blood flow is about a) 1 liter/min. b) 2 liter/min. c) 3 liter/min. d) 4 liter/min. e) 5 liter/min. 2) as a result of the long refractory period in the cardiac action potential, cardiac muscle cannot exhibit a) […]

1) which of these descriptions best matches the term duodenal ampulla? a) where pancreatic juice and bile enter duodenum b) carries absorbed sugars and amino acids c) stimulates pancreas to secrete bicarbonate-rich fluid d) causes gallbladder to contract e) stimulates […]

1) the inferior vena cava is classified as a(n) a) large vein. b) venule. c) medium vein. d) arteriovenule. e) venous valve. 2) the type of burn that may require a skin graft is a a) first-degree burn. b) second-degree […]

1) the vocal folds are located within the a) nasopharynx. b) oropharynx. c) larynx. d) trachea. e) bronchi. 2) the ability of smooth muscle to function over a wide range of lengths is called a) elasticity. b) contractility. c) extensibility. […]

1) relative to the lumen, which of these vessels has the thickest tunica media? a) arteries b) arterioles c) capillaries d) venules e) veins 2) visual pigments are derivatives of the compound a) retinal. b) opsin. c) rhodopsin. d) transducin. […]

1) examination of a tissue sample reveals groups of cells united by junctional complexes and interlocking membranes. the cells have one free surface and lack blood vessels. the tissue is most likely ________ tissue. a) muscle b) neural c) epithelial […]

1) the beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce a) insulin. b) glucagon. c) somatostatin. d) cortisol. e) peptide p. 2) a nucleotide consists of a) a five-carbon sugar and phosphate group. b) a five-carbon sugar and a nitrogenous base. […]

1) the cerebellum a) functions to maintain proper posture and equilibrium. b) receives input from the motor cortex and basal ganglia. c) compares intended movement to actual movement. d) if damaged leads to uncoordinated and jerky movements. e) has all […]

1) figure 11-2 major posterior skeletal muscles identify the muscle labeled “2” a) deltoid b) teres major c) sternocleidomastoid d) trapezius e) anconeus Answer: a 2) the layer of the meninges in direct contact with the spinal cord is the […]

1) as blood travels from arteries to veins, a) viscosity of blood changes. b) pressure increases. c) diameter of the blood vessels gets progressively smaller. d) pressure decreases. e) flow becomes turbulent. 2) all of the following are true of […]

1) the ion that triggers the release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft is a) sodium. b) potassium. c) calcium. d) chloride. e) magnesium. 2) reactions within ________ provide most of the energy needed by a typical cell. a) cytoplasm […]

1) the efferent arteriole of a nephron divides to form a network of capillaries within the cortex called the ________ capillaries. a) peritubular b) glomerular c) vasa recta d) cortical e) efferent 2) figure 20-1 the heart identify the structure […]

1) enterogastric reflexes a) inhibit gastric motility. b) inhibit gastric secretion. c) are triggered by chyme entering the duodenum. d) involve the enteric nervous system. e) all of the answers are correct. 2) melatonin is produced by the a) thymus. […]

1) inappropriate or excessive immune responses to antigens are a) immunodeficiency diseases. b) autoimmune diseases. c) allergies. d) the result of stress. e) signs of a weak system. 2) each of the following statements concerning development is true, except that […]

1) the heart pumps approximately ________ liters of blood each day. a) 8,000 b) 15,000 c) 20,000 d) 50,000 e) 100,000 2) if a cell lacked the enzyme dna polymerase, it could not a) form protein. b) form complementary sequences […]

1) the food pyramid recommends many servings a day of dark-green and orange vegetables. which vitamin is particularly abundant in this food group? a) a b) c c) e d) folic acid e) all of the answers are correct. 2) […]

1) the neonatal period extends a) for the first 24 hours of life. b) for the first month of life. c) until the first birthday. d) from day 1 until day 60. e) until breast feeding stops. 2) figure 25-1 […]

1) which of the following study methods are useful for anatomy and physiology courses? a) read the lecture sections before class. b) devote a block of time for study. c) do not procrastinate. d) develop memorization skills. e) all of […]

1) the two common iliac veins form the a) femoral vein. b) greater saphenous vein. c) inferior vena cava. d) hepatic portal vein. e) innominate vein. 2) which of these surface features occur on the ulna? a) olecranon b) styloid […]

1) the right pleural cavity contains: a) heart b) trachea c) left lung d) right lung e) both lungs 2) the kidneys not only remove waste products from the blood, they also assist in the regulation of a) blood volume. […]

1) a hormone that can lower blood levels of calcium ion is a) parathyroid hormone. b) thyroxine. c) calcitonin. d) glucagon. e) oxytocin. 2) the surface of articular cartilage is a) slick. b) flat. c) smooth. d) rough. e) both […]

1) ________ is an inherited abnormality that affects the development and structure of kidney tubules. a) glomerulonephritis b) polycystic kidney disease c) calculus d) renal failure e) hematuria 2) henry’s law states that a) gas volume and temperature are directly […]

1) the saclike structure that joins the ileum at the ileocecal valve is the a) appendix. b) sigmoid colon. c) rectum. d) haustra. e) cecum. 2) the smallest arterial branches are called the a) precapillary arterioles. b) arterioles. c) capillaries. […]

1) suppose that you try to pick up an object and discover that it is much heavier than you expected. which process must occur in the muscle to increase tension so you can pick up the object? a) wave summation […]

1) adhesions between abdominopelvic organs occur when a) serous membranes are damaged. b) synovial membranes are damaged. c) muscle is damaged. d) nerve cells are damaged. e) mucous membranes are damaged. 2) bone tissue formation begins when osteoblasts secrete a) […]

1) cerebrospinal fluid a) is secreted by ependymal cells. b) is formed by a passive process. c) is normally produced twice as fast as it is removed. d) has almost the same composition as blood plasma. e) contains blood cells […]

1) stimulation of the neurons in the celiac ganglion would lead to a) relaxation of the urinary sphincter. b) increased heart rate. c) hydrolysis of liver glycogen reserves. d) activation of ventral sweat glands. e) increased gastric motility. 2) the […]

1) the gray horns of the spinal cord contain mainly a) nerve tracts. b) columns. c) meninges. d) nerve cell bodies. e) funiculi. 2) sperm production occurs in the a) ductus deferens. b) seminiferous tubules. c) epididymis. d) seminal glands […]

1) gastric pits are a) ridges in the body of the stomach. b) involved in absorption of liquids from the stomach. c) openings into gastric glands. d) acid scars in the esophagus. e) hollows where proteins are stored. 2) the […]

1) a person is confronted by a dangerous dog. his heart begins to race and beat strongly, his pupils dilate, and his hairs stand up. these signs are the result of a) sympathetic activation. b) increased levels of epinephrine in […]

1) when adenyl cyclase is activated, a) atp is consumed. b) camp is formed. c) camp is broken down. d) atp is produced. e) atp is consumed and camp is formed. 2) parasympathetic stimulation a) increases heart rate. b) increases […]

1) when the popliteal vein reaches the femur, it becomes the ________ vein. a) femoral b) deep femoral c) internal iliac d) external iliac e) lumbar 2) a ligamentous connection such as an interosseous ligament is termed a a) syndesmosis. […]

1) powerful peristaltic contractions that occur a few times each day in the colon are called a) segmentation. b) pendular movements. c) haustral churning. d) defecation. e) mass movements. 2) tom stumbles and injures his hallux. what part of his […]

1) damage to cells of the zona fasciculata of the suprarenal cortex would result in a) the loss of axillary and pubic hair. b) increased volume of urine formation. c) decreased levels of sodium ion in the blood. d) decreased […]

1) figure 20-1 the heart which chamber receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit? a) 5 b) 10 c) 16 d) 13 e) both 5 and 16 2) intercalated discs serve to transfer ________ from cell to cell. a) ionic […]

1) filtrate first passes from the glomerular capsule to the a) nephron loop (loop of henle). b) proximal convoluted tubule. c) distal convoluted tubule. d) collecting duct. e) minor calyx. 2) what structure regulates the amount of light that passes […]

1) the pyramids on the ventral surface of the medulla oblongata are formed by fibers of the ________ tracts. a) corticospinal b) corticobulbar c) reticulospinal d) vestibulospinal e) tectospinal 2) most sympathetic effector junctions release norepinephrine but a significant number […]

1) the vertebral arch is formed by the pedicles and the a) transverse spinous processes. b) dorsal spinous processes. c) laminae. d) costal facets. e) intervertebral disc. 2) sympathetic input to the smooth muscle tissue in bronchioles causes all of […]

1) which of the following contains a remnant of the fetal umbilical vein? a) falciform ligament b) greater omentum c) mesentery proper d) lesser omentum e) diaphragm 2) antidiuretic hormone a) is released from the posterior pituitary gland. b) stimulates […]

1) which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a ph of 5 or a substance with a ph of 4? a) a ph of 4 is greater. b) a ph of 5 is greater. c) they […]

1) compounds that cells can use to make glucose include all of the following, except a) acetyl-coa b) glycerol c) amino acids d) lactic acid e) pyruvic acid 2) at the knee, the small saphenous, tibial, and fibular veins unite […]

1) the ________ receive visual input from the lateral geniculates. a) substantia nigra b) red nuclei c) cerebral peduncles d) superior colliculi e) inferior colliculi 2) sandwiched between the layer of circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscularis externa is […]

1) blood leaves the right ventricle by passing through the a) aortic valve. b) pulmonary valve. c) mitral valve. d) tricuspid valve. e) bicuspid valve. 2) when cholinergic receptors are stimulated, a) sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron. b) sodium […]

1) which of the following is arranged in correct order from the most complex to the simplest? a) cellular, tissue, molecular, system, organ, organism b) molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system, organism c) tissue, cellular, molecular, organ, system, organism d) organ, […]

1) the reduction of friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces of an internal cavity is the function of a) cutaneous membranes. b) mucous membranes. c) serous membranes. d) synovial membranes. e) the lamina propria. 2) the regulation of awake-asleep […]

1) the alveolar process of the mandible a) supports the upper teeth. b) supports the lower teeth. c) anchors the tongue. d) is part of the temporomandibular joint. e) articulates with the hyoid bone. 2) b cells are primarily activated […]

1) damage to the superior colliculi would interfere with the reflex ability to a) express rage. b) voluntarily move the arm. c) react to a bright light. d) react to loud noises. e) maintain proper posture. 2) the reproductive system […]

1) when the ph of the extracellular fluid drops, the a) kidneys excrete more hydrogen ions. b) kidneys excrete more bicarbonate ions. c) kidneys excrete fewer bicarbonate ions. d) kidneys secrete more hydrogen ions and more bicarbonate ions. e) kidneys […]

1) figure 11-2 major posterior skeletal muscles identify the muscle labeled “12” a) soleus b) gastrocnemius c) sartorius d) tibialis posterior e) peroneus longus Answer: b 2) the urethral meatus is an opening in the a) prepuce. b) glans penis. […]

1) the following is a list of the steps involved in the process of secretion by the golgi apparatus. 1. material moves from cisterna to cisterna by means of transfer vesicles. 2. exocytosis. 3. products from rer are packaged into […]

1) which of the following is a known effect of thyroid hormone on peripheral tissues? a) increased oxygen consumption b) increased heart rate c) increased sensitivity to adrenergic stimulation d) increased body temperature e) all of the answers are correct. […]

1) if there were no paranasal sinuses, all of the following would be true, except a) the skull would be heavier. b) stronger neck muscles would be required. c) less mucus in the nasal cavity. d) reduced ability to trap […]

1) variations in hair color reflect differences in the pigment produced by a) keratinocytes. b) melanocytes. c) dermal papillae. d) soft keratin. e) carotene cells. 2) isotopes of an element differ in the number of a) protons in the nucleus. […]

1) which of the following is located closest to the jugular notch? a) medial end of scapula b) medial end of clavicle c) lateral end of scapula d) lateral end of clavicle e) xiphoid process 2) the spinal tract that […]

1) the largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage. a) thyroid b) cricoid c) cuneiform d) arytenoid e) epiglottic 2) brunner glands are characteristic of the a) stomach. b) duodenum. c) jejunum. d) ileum. e) colon. Answer: b […]