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Longitudinal research shows that A) the impact of shared environmental influences is greatest in adolescence. B) birth order and spacing are strong predictors of IQ. C) in adolescence, the IQ resemblance between fraternal twins increases. D) the IQs of unrelated […]

Research suggests that persistent childhood lead exposure contributes to A) diabetes in adulthood. B) high rates of autism in industrialized nations. C) antisocial behavior in adolescence. D) tooth decay and poor fine-motor skills. Which of the following poses a major […]

Newborn Amelia is presented with the odor of chocolate. Which of the following facial expressions do you expect to see? A) pursed lips B) a frown C) a relaxed, pleasant face D) a distinct, archlike mouth opening Habituation and recovery […]

According to Kohlberg, given a choice between obeying the law and preserving individual rights, the most advanced moral thinkers will A) follow the law. B) first advocate for reinterpretation of the law. C) break the law to support individual rights. […]

A criticism of the information-processing approach is that it A) focuses too heavily on creativity and imagination. B) lacks scientific research. C) has little to say about nonlinear cognition. D) views children as blank slates. Newell is fearful and inhibited. […]

Most children are first able to produce a subject”verb”object word order A) by age 2. B) in the third year. C) upon entering kindergarten. D) by the end of elementary school. In studies of adults who had damage to their […]

According to the social interactionist perspective, __________, __________, and __________ combine to help children discover the functions and regularities of language. A) positive social interactions; a strong sense of self; an understanding of abstract concepts B) cognitive ability; physical ability; […]

Dr. Lector provides a full picture of a convicted criminal’s psychological functioning by combining interviews, observations, test scores, and neurobiological assessments. Which of the following information-gathering methods is Dr. Lector likely using? A) naturalistic observation B) longitudinal research design C) […]

Which of the following statements is true about postpartum depression? A) About 3 to 5 percent of fathers report symptoms after the birth of a child. B) It subsides as the new mother adjusts to hormonal changes in her body. […]

Researchers hypothesize that __________ play may help children establish a dominance hierarchy. A) rough-and-tumble B) parallel C) associative D) cooperative Between the ages of 6 and 10, children A) view the mind as a passive container of information. B) view […]

The information-processing approach focuses mainly on A) genetic contributions to intellectual development. B) core domains of thought. C) the encoding, recording, and decoding of information. D) how schemes change with age. Which of the following parenting behaviors is linked to […]

When asked to self-evaluate her gender identity, Lulu says she feels similar to other girls. Lulu can be described as a gender-__________ child. A) contented B) typical C) stereotyped D) atypical Research on self-esteem indicates that. A) children benefit from […]

Findings show that selective attention improves sharply between ages __________, with gains continuing into adulthood. A) 2 and 4 B) 5 and 7 C) 6 and 10 D) 11 and 15 With respect to the personal fable, viewing the self […]

Research on neglected children indicates that they A) display a blend of positive and negative social behaviors. B) often report feeling lonely and unhappy. C) are deficient in social understanding and regulation of negative emotion. D) are usually well-adjusted. When […]

Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) usually occurs A) during the day. B) during the second year of life. C) in healthy infants with no signs of physical problems. D) between ages 2 and 4 months. When adults ask children open-ended […]

Before arriving in a kindergarten classroom, Dr. Banks prepared a questionnaire for interviewing children for her research. This is an example of a research A) design. B) question. C) method. D) hypothesis. Which of the following statements is true regarding […]

According to Siegler’s model of strategy choice, A) before the age of 9 or 10, children fail to use even basic strategies efficiently. B) speed does not play a central role in children’s decisions about strategy use. C) children often […]

A secure attachment in infancy A) guarantees continued good parenting. B) launches the parent”child relationship on a positive path that is likely to continue. C) causes improved cognitive, emotional, and social competence in later years. D) is weakly linked to […]

Family life survey findings reveal that considering U.S. families as a whole, __________ time with children has __________ over the past three decades. A) mothers’; increased B) fathers’; remained fairly stable C) mothers’; remained fairly stable D) fathers’; increased Reaching […]

Vygotsky emphasized __________ for preschool children, and then shifting to __________ once formal schooling begins. A) independent discovery learning; social context and collaboration B) rote memory; make-believe play and reading C) meaningful activities in children’s zones of proximal development; literacy […]

Parents can foster children’s understanding of their own and others’ mental lives by A) providing commentary about mental states. B) purposefully mislabeling emotions to teach them to identify mismatches. C) exposing them to highly stressful situations and then talking about […]

Research on low-level lead exposure and children’s development indicates that A) low blood levels are associated with early onset diabetes. B) higher blood levels are associated with distractibility, overactivity, and behavior problems. C) the majority of children overcome any negative […]

Mr. and Mrs. Finis want to reduce gender stereotyping in their 5-year-old twins, Emma and Erik. Mr. and Mrs. Finis should A) punish Emma and Erik whenever they engage in gender-stereotyped behavior. B) force Emma to play with cars and […]

Cooing in infancy refers to A) strings of different speech sounds. B) repeated consonant”vowel combinations. C) vowel-like noises. D) strings of several identical sounds. In one study, researchers said to children, “Sam can”t find his dog. Sam’s dog is really […]

Which of the following children will be most successful in dealing with delay of gratification? A) a frustrated child B) an immature child C) an angry child D) an inhibited child The expression “sleeping like a baby” was probably meant […]

Which of the following would signal to Christie, a toddler, that her mother is engaging in make-believe play with her? A) She smiles less and is more serious with Christie. B) She uses more “we” talk than she would during […]

When Aiden needs to make a decision, he carefully weighs his own judgment and the suggestions of others to arrive at a well-reasoned course of action. This is the __________ component of autonomy. A) behavioral B) emotional C) identity D) […]

Because most infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence assessed in older children, they are labeled __________ rather than IQs. A) Fagan scores B) aptitude scores C) emotional quotients D) developmental quotients Compared with agemates who have […]

Emerging adults are more likely than younger or older individuals to A) engage in community service. B) attend religious services. C) experiment with illegal drugs. D) question their sexuality. Because of __________, preschoolers are only able to draw figures in […]

An improved ability to reason about social relationships leads adolescents to __________ their parents. A) resent B) admire C) deidealize D) seek separation from Research on the Aka of Central Africa reveals that a strong father”infant relationship is due in […]

__________ affects about 25 percent of infants and children worldwide and interferes with many central nervous system processes. A) Marasmus B) Kwashiorkor C) Iron-deficiency anemia D) Food insecurity Personality, child-rearing practices, peer interaction, schooling, and aspects of culture affect maturity […]

At age 6, Edda understands that a person’s sex remains constant, even if that person dresses in “cross-gender” clothes or engages in nontraditional activities. Edda is in which stage of gender-constancy development? A) androgyny B) gender stability C) gender consistency […]

Two chimpanzees embrace and groom each other after a physical fight in an apparent effort to restore their long-term relationship. This behavior is consistent with __________ perspective of morality. A) the biological B) the psychoanalytic C) the social learning D) […]

Chronic victims of bullying tend to A) require therapy later in life. B) have parents who use an uninvolved or permissive child-rearing style. C) be passive and have overprotecting mothers. D) be relationally aggressive with peers and adults alike. Among […]

A major limitation of correlational studies is that A) researchers cannot study how conditions of interest currently exist. B) researchers cannot infer cause and effect. C) there is no way to measure the strength of a positive relationship between variables. […]

Which of the following statements is true about genotypes? A) They are directly observable characteristics. B) They always pair up in the same way across the DNA ladder rungs. C) They are rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that transmit […]

Following divorce, A) father-headed households typically experience a sharp rise in income. B) mother-headed households typically experience a sharp drop in income. C) daily routines, such as meals, bedtimes, and household chores, become more predictable. D) girls are at greater […]

One factor that contributes to the enduring impact of high-quality early intervention programs is an emphasis on A) parent responsibility for payment of services. B) parent involvement, education, and support. C) rote and drill of basic reading and math facts. […]

Which of the following examples shows how children attend to schema-inconsistent information? A) Alison sees a picture of a female firefighter but recalls the firefighter as a male. B) Connor plays with highly attractive toys, even when they are labeled […]

At his class reunion, Cesar recognizes a number of familiar faces, but he has trouble remembering their names. This is because __________ is easier than __________. A) recognition; recall B) recall; reconstruction C) recognition; reconstruction D) reconstruction; recall In a […]

Early childhood is a vital time for laying the foundations of executive function, which includes A) adaptive responses to simple cognitive processes. B) refinement and reorganization of existing cognitive schemes. C) controlling information as it flows from the central executive […]

Raelyn, age 15, just became a mom. Which of the following statements is true for Raelyn? A) She is more likely than her agemates without children to marry in the future. B) There is a 95 percent likelihood that she […]

Eight-month-old Thea and her mother watch a grasshopper in their yard. Her mother labels the grasshopper and describes what it is doing. Thea and her mother are engaged in A) telegraphic speech. B) referential communication. C) syntactic bootstrapping. D) joint […]

Siegler’s model of strategy choice A) reveals that most children follow one approach to problem solving. B) fails to explain diversity and continuous change in children’s thinking. C) primarily utilizes cross-sectional and longitudinal studies. D) captures periods of high variability […]

In __________, a hollow needle is inserted through the abdominal wall to obtain a sample of fluid in the uterus during the 14th week after conception or later. A) fetoscopy B) amniocentesis C) ultrafast MRI D) preimplantation genetic diagnosis Prenatal […]

Physical immaturity is exaggerated in humans, who devote about _____ percent of their total years to growing. A) 5 B) 10 C) 15 D) 20 In the case study of Zinnia Mae, being cut off from family and community ties […]

People are most likely to think abstractly and systematically on tasks in which A) they have had extensive guidance and practice in using such reasoning. B) hypothetico-deductive reasoning is not required. C) the rules of logical thought can be ignored. […]

The fact that children are more likely to develop diabetes if their father, rather than their mother, suffers from it is best explained by A) genomic imprinting. B) genetic mutation. C) X-linked inheritance. D) polygenic inheritance. Toddlers in Substage 6 […]

Which of the following three deficiencies precede children’s effective strategy use in attentional and memory tasks? A) minimal, location, and relevance deficiencies B) optimization, process, and categorization deficiencies C) relevant, selective, and object deficiencies D) production, control, and utilization deficiencies […]

Research on building memory suggests that A) children learn how to structure personally significant memories in narrative form by conversing about them with adults. B) fuzzy traces are more likely than verbatim memories to be forgotten. C) children begin to […]

Dr. Hoo believes that children who are high in verbal ability, anxiety, or sociability will remain so at later ages. Dr. Hoo likely emphasizes the role of __________ in her research. A) plasticity B) stability C) discontinuity D) context Which […]

Three-year-old Athena says, “Daddy’s a man. Mommy’s a woman.” These statements suggest that Athena has developed a A) categorical self. B) large vocabulary. C) social self. D) remembered self. Research examining the correlational stability of IQ suggests that A) the […]

According to Thurstone, intelligence consists of A) distinct primary mental abilities. B) a general factor and a specific factor. C) crystallized and fluid intelligence. D) three stratums of abilities. When baby Madeline drops her teddy bear out of her crib, […]

A major strength of the information-processing approach is A) its explicitness and precision in breaking down complex cognitive activities into their components. B) that it offers a comprehensive theory of cognitive development. C) its exclusive focus on linear and logical […]

Which of the following babies will most likely take the longest time to habituate to novel visual forms? A) Aaron, a newborn B) Jared, a 2-month-old C) Virginia, a 4-month-old D) Olivia, a 5-month-old When mothers are upright, labor is […]

Tyrone groups words with agent qualities as subjects and words with action qualities as verbs. He then merges these categories into sentences. Tyrone is demonstrating A) semantic bootstrapping. B) syntactic bootstrapping. C) telegraphic speech. D) semantic complexity. Suze wants to […]

Pedro is 19 and in college. He is asked whether he considers himself to have reached adulthood. Which of the following answers will he most likely give? A) “Yes, when I turned 18.” B) “No, not until I”m 21.” C) […]

Which of the following statements is true regarding stereotype threat and test performance? A) If aware of ethnic stereotypes, African-American and Hispanic children perform far worse in “test” conditions than in “not a test” conditions. B) If aware of ethnic […]

As an unfamiliar adult starts to talk to three-year-old Rose, she becomes anxious and looks at her father, who smiles calmly at her. Reassured, Rose relaxes and responds to the new adult. Rose is demonstrating the use of A) sympathy. […]

Five-year-old Serena ate a cupcake that she knew she was not supposed to have until after dinner. To avoid punishment, Serena told her mother that the dog ate the cupcake. Serena’s attempt to alter her mother’s belief demonstrates A) learned […]