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Researchers hypothesize that __________ play may help children establish a
dominance hierarchy.
A) rough-and-tumble
B) parallel
C) associative
D) cooperative
Between the ages of 6 and 10, children
A) view the mind as a passive container of information.
B) view the mind as an active constructive agent.
C) no longer demonstrate control and utilization deficiencies.
D) execute most memory strategies as effectively as adolescents and adults.
When Latisha said, "I"m cold," Mary shared her blanket with her. Mary's actions reflect
her understanding of
A) illocutionary intent.
B) turnabout.
C) shading.
D) referential communication.
Children under the age of _____ seldom grasp the selling purpose of commercials and
believe that they are meant to help viewers.
A) 8
B) 10
C) 12
D) 18
As mutual trust and loyalty increase in importance, school-age children's friendships
become more
A) complex.
B) intimate.
C) unstable.
D) selective.
In Piaget's concrete operational stage, children
A) consider all possible outcomes in a scientific problem.
B) develop the capacity for abstract thinking.
C) reason with symbols that do not refer to real-world objects.
D) transform cognition into logical reasoning.
Which of the following actions would school-age children consider to be worse in a
moral sense?
A) purposefully burning a flag in public
B) accidentally burning a flag in public
C) burning a flag to protest the unfair treatment of a country's citizens
D) purposefully burning a flag in private
Sam presents a conditioned stimulus alone enough times, without pairing it with the
unconditioned stimulus, that the conditioned response no longer occurs. Sam is
demonstrating
A) reinforcement.
B) punishment.
C) extinction.
D) a novelty preference.
Research shows that sex differences in mental abilities and personality traits
A) usually account for no more than 5 to 10 percent of individual differences.
B) account for 50 to 60 percent of individual differences.
C) are more pronounced in high-SES individuals than low-SES individuals.
D) are primarily influenced by genetic factors.
The __________ design offers insights into how change occurs.
A) sequential
B) longitudinal
C) microgenetic
D) cross-sectional
As school-age children internalize others' expectations, they form an __________ that
they use to evaluate their __________.
A) internal state; self-definition
B) extroverted ego; categorical self
C) inner self; self-esteem
D) ideal self; real self
When 4-year-old Leela wished for her grandmother to come and visit, and the very next
day her grandmother arrived at Leela's house, Leela believed it was
A) because her grandmother knew every thought Leela had.
B) nothing out of the ordinary.
C) because magic accounts for events she cannot otherwise explain.
D) a special power that only Leela has.
From an evolutionary perspective, an extended relationship between a man and a
woman increased male certainty that her baby was actually his offspring, which
A) motivated him to care and provide for mother and child.
B) ensured consistent sexual activity, which increased chances of survival.
C) proved to the tribal elders that the couple was committed to child rearing.
D) decreased male competition for mates among tribal groups.
In North America, students who are first-generation and second-generation
A) are more likely than students of native-born parents to commit delinquent and
violent acts.
B) are more likely than students of native-born parents to use drugs and alcohol.
C) generally have lower self-esteem than students of native-born parents.
D) often achieve in school as well as or better than students of native-born parents.
U.S. child-care settings providing the very worst care tend to serve __________
families.
A) low-SES
B) middle-SES
C) high-SES
D) ethnic minority
When young children recall and retell a story, they often recall certain important
features while forgetting unimportant ones, reorder the sequence of events in more
logical fashion, and even include new information that fits with a passage's meaning.
This demonstrates that young children
A) have poor metacognitive skills.
B) reconstruct information based on their everyday experiences.
C) often fail to employ appropriate memory strategies.
D) are not yet adept at cognitive self-regulation.
Dr. MacKenzie wants to study the impact of child maltreatment on physical
development. The best experimental method for this research would be a __________
experiment.
A) field
B) natural, or quasi-,
C) laboratory
D) correlational
T. Berry Brazelton's Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)
A) is specially designed for use with newborns at risk for developmental problems.
B) is useful in Western cultures, but is not helpful in cross-cultural research.
C) evaluates a baby's reflexes, muscle tone, state changes, and responsiveness to
physical and social stimuli.
D) evaluates a baby's skin color, complexion, pulse rate, reflex irritability, muscle tone,
and breathing.
Research on children's eyewitness testimony shows that
A) most preschoolers are unable to disclose forensically relevant details without the use
of leading questions.
B) a warm, supportive interview tone fosters accurate recall.
C) preschoolers almost always provide false information in their testimonies.
D) children who go to "court school" are at high risk for being misled by a biased
interviewer.
The roots of ethology can be traced to the work of
A) Charles Darwin.
B) Sigmund Freud.
C) Jean Piaget.
D) Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
Baby Lakota is shown a ball that is then hidden under a cover. What must Lakota do to
retrieve the ball?
A) Lakota will need to recall the location of the ball.
B) Lakota must coordinate "pushing aside" and "grasping" schemes to retrieve the ball.
C) Lakota will not be able to retrieve the ball until she is in Substage 6 of the
sensorimotor period.
D) Lakota will have trouble retrieving the ball until she no longer makes the A-not-B
error.
Which of the following events is likely to spark depression in 15-year-old Danica?
A) the onset of puberty
B) getting a C on a pop quiz
C) not being in the same Spanish class as her best friend
D) transitioning to a new school
Adoption agencies try to ensure a good fit by
A) placing children in affluent homes.
B) seeking parents of the same ethnic and religious background of the child.
C) allowing the biological parents to select an adoptive family for their child.
D) seeking parents with at least two biological children.
Fourteen-year-old Brady is in a program where he is taught to attend to relevant,
nonhostile behaviors, to seek additional information before acting, and to evaluate the
likely effectiveness of potential responses. Brady is participating in a __________
intervention.
A) home-based
B) psychodynamic
C) social-cognitive
D) cognitive-developmental
Because the United States does not have __________, it lags behind other industrialized
nations in supply, quantity, and affordability of child care.
A) universal health care
B) collectivist values
C) national child-care policies
D) grants for low-income parents
Seven-year-old Liz executes attentional strategies consistently, but her performance
does not improve. This is an example of a __________ deficiency.
A) utilization
B) control
C) production
D) distraction
Toddlers in Western cultures who sleep alone and experience frequent daytime
separations from their parents
A) rarely form secure attachments to their parents.
B) sometimes develop strong emotional ties to cuddly objects.
C) usually form a secure attachment with the caregiver who feeds them.
D) do not experience separation anxiety when separated from their parents.
The __________ is responsible for thoughtin particular, consciousness, attention,
inhibition of impulses, integration of information, and use of memory, reasoning,
planning, and problem-solving strategies.
A) cerebellum
B) parietal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) prefrontal cortex
Children improve greatly in social problem solving over the preschool and early school
years, largely as a result of gains in
A) false-belief understanding.
B) attribution retraining.
C) recursive thought.
D) self-esteem.
To study parental warmth in the Ethiopian culture, Dr. Jolie moves in with a family in
an Ethiopian village. Which of the following information-gathering methods of research
is Dr. Jolie using?
A) ethnography
B) the clinical, or case study, method
C) neurobiological methods
D) structured observation
