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Which of the following statements is true regarding stereotype threat and test
performance?
A) If aware of ethnic stereotypes, African-American and Hispanic children perform far
worse in "test" conditions than in "not a test" conditions.
B) If aware of ethnic stereotypes, African-American and Hispanic children perform far
worse in "not a test" conditions than in "test" conditions.
C) Mounting evidence confirms that stereotype threat does not affect test performance
in children or adults.
D) Stereotype threat only affects test performance when examiners are poorly trained.
Which of the following broad self-evaluations do children in diverse Western cultures
form around age 6 to 7?
A) inner self, categorical self, remembered self, and generalized other
B) academic competence, social competence, physical/athletic competence, and
physical appearance
C) familial, parental, peer, and teacher
D) foreclosure, diffusion, moratorium, and achievement
Research on reactions to pubertal changes indicates that
A) most girls get information about puberty from their doctors.
B) most boys do not know about ejaculation before the onset of spermarche.
C) boys often say that their first ejaculation occurred earlier than they expected.
D) most girls view the onset of menarche as traumatic.
Throughout the school years, children show a strong preference for
A) same-sex peers.
B) large-group play.
C) quiet activities involving cooperative roles.
D) other-sex peers.
Sibling rivalry tends to
A) increase in early childhood.
B) decrease in middle childhood.
C) increase in middle childhood.
D) peak in adolescence.
In the store model of the information-processing system, the central executive
__________ the mental system.
A) directs the flow of information in
B) is the unconscious part of
C) operates on and transforms information in
D) is the initial storage site of information in
Six-year-old Qualo frequently crosses gender lines, preferring to play with dolls than
cars or trucks. How will Qualo's peers likely respond to his behavior?
A) Girls will be more critical of Qualo's behavior than boys.
B) Boys will try to find common interests with Qualo so everyone can play together.
C) Even if Qualo does engage in "masculine" activities, he will be ostracized by other
boys.
D) Boys will defend Qualo's right to play with dolls instead of cars or trucks.
In a microgenetic design,
A) participants are presented with a novel task, and researchers follow their mastery
over a series of closely spaced sessions.
B) groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time.
C) researchers conduct several cross-sectional or longitudinal investigations..
D) participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they
get older.
The fact that pride, guilt, empathy, and sympathy require strong caregiving supports to
develop indicates that
A) these emotions are present in all species.
B) morality is fully explained by its biological foundations.
C) morality cannot be fully explained by its biological foundations.
D) these are basic emotions.
Gilligan believes that feminine morality emphasizes a(n)
A) earlier shift from Stage 2 to Stage 3 reasoning than in Kohlberg's system.
B) an absence of justice and caring, unlike Kohlberg's system.
C) focus on impersonal rights.
D) ethic of care.
Androgens are administered prenatally to a female cat. What outcome could be
expected?
A) a decrease in active play
B) a decrease in aggression
C) suppression of maternal caregiving
D) an increase in nesting behavior
The American cultural norm of having infants sleep in a separate room from their
parents is meant to foster
A) an awareness of personal boundaries.
B) respect for parents.
C) an interdependent self.
D) an independent self.
When parents engage in effective coparenting, they tend to have
A) spoiled children who try to pit one parent against the other.
B) children with exceptionally high IQs.
C) secure attachment relationships with their children.
D) large families with four or more children.
Blended-family relationships work best when
A) stepparents move into their new roles quickly in order to affirm their position in the
family.
B) stepparents move into their new roles gradually by first building a warm relationship
with the child.
C) the biological parent relinquishes all disciplinary responsibilities to the stepparent.
D) the stepparent does not become involved in disciplinary issues with the stepchild.
Kipsigis and Jamaican infants walk considerably earlier than North American infants
because
A) they are physically smaller at birth, requiring less leg-muscle strength for standing.
B) they must help their parents work in the fields at an extremely young age.
C) they are genetically "hardwired" to do so.
D) their parents promote early walking instruction, practicing formal exercises to
stimulate skills.
According to Krebs and Denton, everyday moral judgments
A) often focus on money matters.
B) overlap with Kohlberg's stages of moral reasoning.
C) are practical tools that people use to achieve their goals.
D) are often irrational and immature.
__________ is crucial for a wide variety of social"cognitive achievements, including
understanding others' emotions, referential communication skills, and self-concept and
self-esteem.
A) Metacognition
B) Making social comparisons
C) Understanding of moral imperatives
D) Perspective taking
Crystal is chronically exposed to her parents' angry, unresolved conflict. Which of the
following is Crystal likely to experience?
A) a decrease in her performance at school
B) a close secure relationship with one parent, but not with the other
C) problems related to emotional self-regulation
D) her parents' overprotective hovering and obsessive monitoring of her activities
Individual differences on working-memory tasks are of particular concern because
working-memory capacity
A) is dependent on long-term memory capacity.
B) predicts academic achievement in adolescence.
C) is essential for any automatic processes.
D) determines sensory register effectiveness.
Which of the following nonshared environmental influences would make Dani and
Tami, who are sisters, different from one another?
A) the availability of video games in the home
B) having a family pet
C) unique treatment by their parents
D) parental modeling of cognitively challenging activities
__________ are the biological foundation on which our characteristics are built.
A) Phenotypes
B) Chromosomes
C) Proteins
D) Genes
Ursula has developed a firm conscience, displays empathy, behaves responsibly, plays
fairly in games, and is exceptionally considerate of other's welfare. Ursula's mother
probably used __________ as her primary form of discipline.
A) positive discipline
B) time out
C) corporal punishment
D) withdrawal of privileges
American employers regard recent high school graduates as
A) spoiled and selfish, lacking a solid work ethic.
B) well-prepared for skilled business and industrialized occupations and manual trades.
C) poorly prepared for skilled business and industrialized occupations and manual
trades.
D) particularly well-suited for positions in upper management.
Stimulus recognition
A) depends on a deliberate search of long-term memory.
B) is the simplest form of retrieval.
C) requires the generation of a mental representation of an absent stimulus.
D) does not emerge until the preschool years.
Usually, __________ is used to treat women whose fallopian tubes are permanently
damaged.
A) in vitro fertilization
B) donor insemination
C) surrogacy
D) chorionic villus sampling
Research reveals that with each school change (from elementary to middle or junior
high and then to high school),
A) adolescents' grades increase.
B) adolescents' grades decline.
C) satisfaction with school increases.
D) adolescents' peer networks expand.
When 6-month-olds listen to the words "Mommy" and "Daddy" while looking at
side-by-side videos of their parents, they
A) always look longer at their mother.
B) always look longer at their father.
C) look longer at the video of the named parent.
D) look longer at the parent who feeds them most often.
Each time Baby Masha sucks on her bottle, she receives a sweet-tasting liquid. When
baby Masha sucks on a pacifier, she is met with a sour taste, which causes her to purse
her lips and stop sucking entirely. The sour taste is a(n)
A) unconditioned response.
B) conditioned response.
C) reinforcer.
D) punisher.
Four-year-old Liam can probably
A) gallop and skip with one foot.
B) run at about 18 feet per second.
C) involve his whole body in batting a ball.
D) display mature, whole-body throwing and catching patterns.
If 9-year-old Carlos is a gender-aschematic child, he will
A) always view the world in gender-linked terms.
B) prefer "feminine" toys over "masculine" toys.
C) prefer "masculine" toys over "feminine" toys.
D) seldom view the world in gender-linked terms.
Research on the Flynn effect indicates that the largest generational IQ gains have
occurred on
A) items strongly correlated with Spearman's g.
B) items emphasizing short-term and rote memory.
C) items emphasizing crystallized intelligence.
D) fluid-ability tests of spatial reasoning.
Research on infantile amnesia suggests that events that happened during the first few
years of life are not remembered because
A) most adults repress their early memories.
B) memories are not formed during this time period.
C) early memories erode with the passage of time.
D) early nonverbal memories cannot be translated into language.
