Emerging adults are more likely than younger or older individuals to
A) engage in community service.
B) attend religious services.
C) experiment with illegal drugs.
D) question their sexuality.
Because of __________, preschoolers are only able to draw figures in their simplest
forms.
A) limited adult instruction
B) a lack of motivation
C) an inability to form detailed mental representations
D) fine-motor and cognitive limitations
Research shows that school recess
A) subtracts from classroom learning.
B) offers few benefits to children over the age of 8.
C) boosts classroom learning.
D) only benefits students who are in good physical shape.
For U.S. families with just one preschooler, child care consumes, on average, _____
percent of the typical earnings of a single mother and _____ percent of the earnings of a
two-parent family.
A) 10; 7
B) 29; 10
C) 33; 19
D) 45; 15
Ms. Lipscomb talks to her 4-month-old son using short sentences with distinct pauses
between speech segments. She uses a high-pitched voice and exaggerated expressions,
clearly pronouncing her words. Ms. Lipscomb is demonstrating
A) infant-directed speech.
B) baby talk.
C) cooing.
D) babbling.
With regard to the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the United States
A) played no role in drafting the agreement.
B) is one of only two nations in the world whose legislature has not yet ratified it.
C) ratified it in 1989.
D) adopted it as public policy in 2010.
Lester has learned how to give his dog a bath all by himself from helping his mother
give the dog a bath in the past. Lester has learned this skill through
A) cooperative learning.
B) intersubjectivity.
C) guided participation.
D) scaffolding.
Laboratory research suggests that deferred imitation is present at __________ of age.
A) 6 weeks
B) 12 weeks
C) 6 months
D) 14 months
Both sexes gain muscle at puberty, but this increase is _____ percent greater in
__________.
A) 75; girls
B) 100; girls
C) 100; boys
D) 150; boys
Gender stereotypes tend to
A) cast men in a generally positive light and women in a negative light.
B) imply that expressive traits are more desirable than instrumental traits.
C) cast women in a generally positive light and men in a negative light.
D) strengthen in middle childhood and peak in adolescence.
In Vygotsky’s theory, when two participants to a task each adjust to the perspective of
the other in order to create common ground for communication, they are
A) engaging in scaffolding, but only at a verbal level.
B) engaging in reciprocal teaching.
C) stepping outside each other’s zone of proximal development.
D) contributing to cognitive development through intersubjectivity.
The psychological traits that make up temperament are believed to form the cornerstone
of
A) adult maturity.
B) the adult personality.
C) relationship stability.
D) attachment security.
Bilingual preschoolers
A) are usually delayed in one or both languages.
B) often have poor phonological processing skills.
C) rarely mix the two languages in their everyday speech.
D) can acquire good-to-native ability in a second language, depending on their exposure
to it.
Which of the following is a strength of the clinical interview?
A) It is accurate with respect to the participants’ thoughts and experiences.
B) It can provide a large amount of information in a fairly brief period.
C) It permits comparisons of participants’ responses.
D) It is not subject to observer influence or observer bias.
Baby Noah prefers a salty taste to plain water. This may indicate that Noah is
A) iron-deficient.
B) ready to accept solid foods.
C) malnourished.
D) ready to be weaned.
According to Bronfenbrenner, the environment
A) negatively impacts the breakdown in exosystem activities.
B) is a static force.
C) is an effective substitute for lack of parental involvement.
D) is an ever-changing system.
Once formed, scripts can
A) hinder memory for events that are highly distinctive.
B) facilitate recall of single occurrences of repeated events.
C) prevent forgetting of one-time events.
D) be used to predict what will happen on future similar occasions.
Habituation studies test
A) recall memory.
B) imitation.
C) operant responses.
D) recognition memory.
Cameron and Cooper are both 5 years old. Cameron has spent the last two years in a
Montessori preschool. Cooper has been at home with his mother and younger siblings.
When the boys enter kindergarten, research suggests that
A) Cooper will have lower rates of behavior problems than Cameron.
B) Cameron will outperform Cooper in cognitive flexibility.
C) Cooper will probably be placed in a transition class after kindergarten.
D) Cameron will show anxiety and disruptiveness throughout elementary school.
Children with high social self-esteem
A) are often disliked by peers.
B) perceive themselves as less socially competent than they really are.
C) are consistently better-liked by their peers.
D) tend to have low academic self-esteem.
The speed and accuracy of toddlers’ __________ of spoken language increases
dramatically over the second year.
A) comprehension
B) seriation
C) recognition
D) production
Jensen’s article, “How Much Can We Boost IQ and Scholastic Achievement?” was
controversial because he argued that
A) IQ has little influence on academic achievement.
B) heredity is largely responsible for individual, ethnic, and SES differences in IQ.
C) the contribution of the environment to individual, ethnic, and SES differences in IQ
is substantial.
D) there are no significant individual, ethnic, or SES differences in IQ.
A strength of __________ is that it reflects participants’ everyday behavior.
A) structured observation
B) naturalistic observation
C) the structured interview
D) the clinical interview
Studies of literacy development show that
A) phonological awareness is a strong predictor of emergent literacy knowledge.
B) even young preschoolers are able to distinguish drawing from writing.
C) the best method to teach children to read is the phonics approach.
D) children should learn to read independently.
Based on Piaget’s view of children’s private speech, which of the following statements
is true?
A) Both Tatiana and her parents engage in private speech.
B) Taylor’s cognitive development and certain social experiences will bring an end to
his private speech.
C) As Carolina internalizes the perspective of others, she will begin to engage in private
speech.
D) Kaz’s social speech declines in favor of egocentric speech, in which he adapts what
he says to his listeners.
According to social learning theory, __________ comes before __________ in the
development of gender identity.
A) behavior; self-perception
B) behavior; gender labeling
C) self-perception; behavior
D) gender constancy; gender disposition
Although __________ declines with age, it is still the most frequent form among 3- to
4-year-olds.
A) nonsocial activity
B) parallel play
C) associative play
D) cooperative play
Many sexual offenders often blame the abuse on the willing participation of a seductive
youngster, thus verifying
A) the child’s role in the abusive situation.
B) the presence of psychological disorders among abusers.
C) that they have no control over their impulses.
D) their own childhood history of abuse.
As a result of adolescents’ ability to engage in __________, they often construct grand
visions of a perfect world that are at odds with adults’ more realistic views.
A) hypothetico-deductive reasoning
B) propositional thinking
C) animistic thinking
D) abstract thinking
Practical intelligence
A) has not been reliably assessed through research.
B) taps the same skills as g.
C) predicts on-the-job performance as well as IQ.
D) is unrelated to academic achievement.
Children with damage to the cerebellum usually display __________ deficits.
A) motor, but not cognitive,
B) cognitive, but not motor,
C) both motor and cognitive
D) neither motor nor cognitive
The absence of a complete description of abstract grammatical structures
A) supports the existence of Chomsky’s LAD.
B) casts doubt that one set of rules can account for the multiplicity of grammatical
forms.
C) provides clear evidence that children are naturally skilled at linking grammatical
rules with strings of words.
D) supports the behaviorist perspective of language development.
How are peer relationships in mid-adolescence different from those of middle
childhood?
A) The amount of peer interaction declines as adolescents become moodier and more
independent.
B) Peer interactions decrease, and adolescents spend more time with parents, siblings,
and extended-family members.
C) Adolescents spend more time with peers than with any other social partners.
D) Peer relationships become increasingly competitive and hostile.
In cultures where cosleeping is widespread,
A) children rarely sleep through the night.
B) parents often complain about bedtime struggles.
C) SIDS is rare.
D) SIDS is common.