Which of the following three deficiencies precede children’s effective strategy use in
attentional and memory tasks?
A) minimal, location, and relevance deficiencies
B) optimization, process, and categorization deficiencies
C) relevant, selective, and object deficiencies
D) production, control, and utilization deficiencies
Children typically say their first word at about _____ months and have mastered a large
vocabulary and most grammatical constructions by _____ years.
A) 6; 2 to 3
B) 9; 3 to 4
C) 12; 4 to 5
D) 18; 5 to 6
Dynamic system theorists regard development as
A) a single, continuous line.
B) stagewise.
C) a web of fibers branching out in many directions.
D) static.
Baby Naomi is presented with photos of faces. She is most likely to look the longest at
a(n)
A) female face than a male face.
B) older man’s face than a younger man’s face.
C) face judged by adults as attractive.
D) older woman’s face than a younger woman’s face.
Mr. and Mrs. Baca are Mexican-American parents who have not assimilated to U.S.
culture. What child-rearing behaviors will they most likely use?
A) They will expect immediate obedience and use very controlling strategies to enforce
their rules.
B) Mrs. Baca will use a combination of parental warmth and loose control, while Mr.
Baca will be uninvolved.
C) They will use high parental warmth paired with strict, even somewhat harsh, control.
D) They will use authoritative child rearing with their oldest child, who will then be
responsible for raising his or her siblings in a similar fashion.
When studying children’s thinking, Piaget used
A) naturalistic observations.
B) event and time sampling procedures.
C) the clinical, or case study, method.
D) relatively unstructured clinical interviews.
When preschooler P.J. grabs a book out of his 2-year-old brother’s hands, their mother
responds with harsh criticism and then leaves them alone while she returns to her
housework. Based on this scenario, you can anticipate that P.J. and his brother are likely
to
A) be independent and responsible.
B) have an antagonistic sibling relationship.
C) develop a caring relationship based upon trust.
D) avoid each other as much as possible.
Preterm babies are __________ than full-term babies.
A) more often talked to
B) less susceptible to the effects of parenting quality
C) less often held close
D) less irritable
According to theory theory,
A) children draw on innate concepts to form explanations of everyday events.
B) cognitive development is largely due to increases in information-processing
capacity.
C) the child and the social environment collaborate to build cognition in culturally
adaptive ways.
D) by acting directly on the environment, children construct virtually all their
knowledge about the world.
As a child, Rico suffered damage to the ventromedial area of his prefrontal cortex. As
an adult, Rico will
A) have difficulty with language-dependent activities.
B) rarely react with empathy to others’ distress.
C) be overwhelmed by others’ distress.
D) be especially prosocial and empathetic toward others.
To compensate for infants’ unpredictable behaviors, some tests
A) depend heavily on information supplied by parents.
B) require parents and caregivers to administer the items.
C) focus solely on the infant’s behavior toward the examiner.
D) can only be administered outside of the parent’s presence.
In time sampling, the observer records
A) all instances of a particular behavior during a specified time period.
B) all behaviors that occur during a specified time period.
C) whether certain behaviors occur during a sample of short intervals.
D) similar behavior patterns in participants who are the same age.
Test designers engage in standardization by giving IQ tests to
A) a large, representative sample.
B) individuals who primarily represent the majority culture.
C) individuals who are more diverse than the population for which the test is being
normed.
D) individuals who have no previous exposure to intelligence tests.
The African-American extended family
A) can be traced to the African heritage of most black Americans, in which newly
married couples live with their family who helps with all aspects of daily life.
B) evolved as a result of slavery, when many families were forced to live together under
one roof.
C) emerged from the need to take over the role of absent fathers.
D) emerged due to the high rates of pregnancies in African-American teens.
Right before baby Dom’s mother leaves for work every morning, she takes her car keys
off of a hook on the wall. As soon as Dom’s mother unhooks the keys, Dom cries. In
this example, __________ is the conditioned stimulus.
A) Dom’s mother leaving for work
B) Dom’s mother unhooking the keys
C) Dom’s crying
D) morning time
Eva plays near other children with similar materials, but does not try to influence their
behavior. She is involved in
A) nonsocial activity.
B) associative play.
C) parallel play.
D) cooperative play.
Gardner defines intelligence in terms of
A) three interacting skills: componential, experiential, and contextual.
B) 180 unique intellectual factors organized along three dimensions.
C) at least eight independent intelligences that are based on distinct sets of processing
operations.
D) a pyramid with g at the top, broad abilities in the second tier, and narrow abilities in
the third tier.
The association of toys, articles of clothing, tools, household items, games, occupations,
colors, and behaviors with one sex or the other occurs
A) when children lack access to androgynous role models.
B) in elementary school.
C) earlier for girls than for boys.
D) by the preschool years.
Which of the following children is most likely to engage in more extended peer
exchanges and display more socially competent behavior during the preschool years?
A) Ariel, who was raised in a warm, supportive environment
B) Eric, who was raised in an authoritarian environment
C) Sebastian, who was raised in a permissive environment
D) Melody, who was adopted from a Romanian orphanage
In __________, __________ is/are produced when meiosis is complete.
A) males; one sperm
B) females; four eggs
C) males; four sperm
D) females; 1 to 2 million eggs
What is the typical developmental pattern of young children’s narratives?
A) classic, chronological, leapfrog
B) evaluation, classic, leapfrog
C) leapfrog, chronological, classic
D) chronological, evaluation, classic
Ms. Varria holds up a particularly curly French fry and says, “Wow! This is a corkscrew
fry!” Four-year-old Danita points to a little girl with curly hair and says, “Corkscrew
hair!” Danita is using __________ to decipher the meaning of corkscrew.
A) fast-mapping
B) syntactic bootstrapping
C) the principle of mutual exclusivity
D) telegraphic speech
The Smiths tend to overindulge their children, allowing the children to make many
decisions before they are ready. The Smiths are using a(n) __________ child-rearing
style.
A) authoritative
B) authoritarian
C) permissive
D) uninvolved
The mild conflict that typically arises in the parent”child relationship
A) often escalates once the young adult moves out of the family home.
B) facilitates adolescent identity and autonomy by helping family members learn to
express and tolerate disagreement.
C) escalates as adolescents begin spending more time away from home and often leads
to a breakdown in communication.
D) can be reduced if parents maintain strict guidelines, implemented in an authoritarian
atmosphere.
Three-month-old Royal holds his rattle and shakes it. He is most likely using
A) the pincer grasp.
B) the ulnar grasp.
C) gross-motor skills.
D) prereaching.
Two-year-old Jenna is taught nonsense words for a noun (pling for a soft, cuddly
puppet) and a verb (dass for a rocking motion). Jenna is likely to
A) easily combine the new noun with words she knows well.
B) confuse the new noun with the new verb.
C) produce novel word combinations with the new verb.
D) understand both new words, but is unlikely to use them in spontaneous speech.
Which of the following consequences results from the greater amounts of time that boys
spend playing action video games?
A) Speed of thinking is enhanced, but mental rotation is sacrificed in the process.
B) The development of cognitive processes outside of spatial skills is arrested.
C) Language skills are greatly reduced.
D) Cognitive processes important for spatial skills are enhanced.
Belle and Greg are divorcing and attend a series of meetings with a trained professional
aimed at reducing family conflict. Belle and Greg are
A) causing even more stress for their children.
B) seeking joint custody of their children.
C) going through divorce mediation.
D) unrealistically trying to save their marriage.
In Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, interactions between parents and
teachers occur in the
A) mesosystem.
B) macrosystem.
C) microsystem.
D) exosystem.
In industrialized countries, where many young people experience emerging adulthood,
they generally emphasize __________ in describing what it means to become an adult.
A) family commitments
B) attaining high levels of advanced education
C) psychological qualities
D) establishing a cultural identity
Parents actively reinforce __________ in boys and __________ in girls.
A) supportive talk; demands for attention
B) independence; dependency
C) closeness; emotionality
D) emotional sensitivity; emotional restraint
Tests of divergent thinking
A) are known as the psychometric approach to creativity.
B) do not allow scores to be compared to standardization samples.
C) are good predictors of creative accomplishment in everyday life.
D) are better measures of mental ability than traditional IQ tests.