Research suggests that persistent childhood lead exposure contributes to
A) diabetes in adulthood.
B) high rates of autism in industrialized nations.
C) antisocial behavior in adolescence.
D) tooth decay and poor fine-motor skills.
Which of the following poses a major challenge to implementing a national
apprenticeship program?
A) Research does not indicate any long-term benefits associated with apprenticeship
programs.
B) Only low-SES youths would have access to such a program.
C) Low-SES youths may become concentrated in the lowest-skilled apprenticeship
placements.
D) The cost of apprenticeship programs far outweighs the benefits.
When solving basic addition problems, 5-year-old Sid sometimes counts on his fingers,
sometimes starts with the lowest digit, or sometimes starts with the highest digit.
According to Siegler’s model of strategy choice,
A) Sid has problems with cognitive self-regulation.
B) Sid has a control deficiency.
C) Sid is not yet skilled at cognitive inhibition.
D) Sid’s variability in strategy use is adaptive.
A key controversy about Kohlberg’s theory is
A) that there is not much research-validated support for his work.
B) with his belief that moral maturity is not achieved until the postconventional level.
C) that his stages focus solely on moral reasoning during early and middle childhood.
D) that cross-cultural studies do not support the progression from one stage to the next.
Dr. Story found that the children in two-parent homes had higher reading-test scores
than those in one-parent homes. However, the children from two-parent homes had
more siblings than those in one-parent homes. What is the confounding variable?
A) number of siblings
B) reading test scores
C) type of reading test used
D) type of home
At first, infants’ memory for operant responses is
A) nonexistent.
B) highly context dependent.
C) context-free.
D) inconsistent.
Even tiny amounts of __________ in the paternal bloodstream cause a dramatic change
in the sex ratio of offspring.
A) lead
B) dioxin
C) mercury
D) PCBs
Researchers assessing black and white community college students’ familiarity with
vocabulary taken from items on an intelligence test found that the
A) blacks were not as capable as whites at learning new words.
B) two groups did not differ.
C) whites had considerably more knowledge.
D) blacks had considerably more knowledge.
A microgenetic design is especially useful for
A) assessing emotional bonding among family members.
B) studying cognitive development.
C) measuring the impact of selective attrition and practice effects.
D) determining the cause of cohort effects.
After age 7 or 8,
A) white children’s prejudice against out-group members strengthens.
B) majority children, but not minority children, express in-group favoritism.
C) both majority and minority children express in-group favoritism.
D) both majority and minority children express out-group favoritism.
Researchers who claim that siblings reared in the same family show little resemblance
in parent-rated temperament also assert that
A) peers are a more powerful influence on children’s behavior than parents.
B) parenting influences cannot be measured easily.
C) parenting has different effects on different children.
D) the effects of parenting overshadow any impact of the child’s genetic makeup or the
peer culture.
Studies of infantile amnesia suggest that the advent of __________ contributes to the
end of infantile amnesia.
A) implicit memory
B) automization
C) a clear self-image
D) phonological awareness
Researchers reported that college students who listened to a Mozart sonata for a few
minutes just before taking a test of spatial reasoning abilities did better on the test than
students who took the test after listening to relaxation instructions or sitting in silence.
The gain in performance, widely publicized as the “Mozart effect,”
A) was easy to replicate.
B) was small and short-lived.
C) involved a real change in ability.
D) was long-lasting.
__________ samples generally become more biased as the investigation proceeds
because of __________.
A) Cross-sectional; practice effects
B) Microgenetic; cohort effects
C) Longitudinal; selective attrition
D) Cross-sectional; cohort effects
As a result of Ginny’s dissatisfying interaction with her two defiant teenage sons, Ginny
is less patient with her preschooler’s attempts at dressing herself. This is an example of
__________ influences.
A) third-party
B) bioecological
C) bidirectional
D) mesosystem
One example of a dominant disorder is
A) sickle cell anemia.
B) diabetes insipidus.
C) Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
D) Huntington disease.
__________ are best suited to collect systematic observations.
A) Trained investigators
B) People who have little personal investment in the investigator’s hypotheses
C) Parents and caregivers
D) People who know and understand the investigator’s hypotheses
Because __________ and __________ require that the participant lie as motionless as
possible for an extended time, they are not suitable for infants and young children.
A) EEG; PET
B) ERPs; fMRI
C) NIRS; PET
D) PET; fMRI
When Western parents choose to practice __________, amount of crying in the early
months is reduced by about one-third.
A) proximal care
B) the “cry it out” method
C) nighttime cosleeping
D) kangaroo care
In order to get 5-year-old Mikah to eat more broccoli, Mikah’s parents should
A) serve and eat broccoli.
B) offer a cookie to Mikah if he eats broccoli.
C) restrict his access to tastier foods.
D) keep Mikah at the table until he finishes his broccoli.
Down syndrome is most commonly caused by
A) advanced maternal or paternal age.
B) an error that occurs in the early stages of mitosis, called mosaic pattern.
C) mutation of the genetic material on the twenty-third chromosome pair.
D) failure of the twenty-first pair of chromosomes to separate during meiosis.
The more “committed” the brain is to native-language patterns, the
A) better children’s mastery of their native language.
B) more effectively children acquire foreign language.
C) more difficult it is for children to acquire reading skills.
D) greater the chance the child is ambidextrous.
__________ has been used to relieve a wide range of serious developmental problems,
such as persistent aggression and extreme fears.
A) Modeling
B) Observational learning
C) Behavior modification
D) Social-cognitive theory
Clinical interviews that focus on __________ are particularly vulnerable to distortion.
A) current information and specific characteristics
B) past information and specific characteristics
C) past information and global judgments
D) current information and global judgments
Grantly Dick-Read and Ferdinand Lamaze recognized that
A) cultural attitudes had taught women to fear the birth experience.
B) the health of mothers and babies could best be protected in a hospital or medical
birth setting.
C) childbirth was a personal experience, rather than a family-centered event.
D) analgesics given in mild doses during labor help a birthing mother relax.
Both Piaget and Kohlberg used a(n) __________ procedure to study moral
development.
A) cross-sectional
B) structured observation
C) clinical interviewing
D) ecological
Before learning takes place, a(n) __________ stimulus must consistently produce a
reflexive, or __________, response.
A) unconditioned; unconditioned
B) unconditioned; conditioned
C) conditioned; unconditioned
D) neutral; neutral
In Piaget’s theory, children use organization to
A) build schemes through direct interaction with the environment.
B) adjust old schemes and create new ones to fit with the environment.
C) accommodate the back-and-forth movement between cognitive equilibration and
disequilibration.
D) internally rearrange and link schemes to create a strongly interconnected cognitive
system.
In the years since her mother’s death from breast cancer, Jeannine has participated in the
local 5K run for cancer. When thinking about the run, Jeannine vacillates between pride
and sadness. For Jeannine, this event has become
A) personally relevant.
B) a threat to her attachment security.
C) an internal working model of anxiety and stress.
D) a secure base.
Autobiographical memory emerges, episodic memory becomes more elaborate, and
familiar events are remembered in scripts at __________ years.
A) 2 to 5
B) 4 to 7
C) 6 to 10
D) 11 to 13
Critics of the concept of emerging adulthood argue that if satisfying work enabling
financial independence were plentiful,
A) the benefits of emerging adulthood would disappear.
B) emerging adulthood would be a universal phenomenon.
C) young people would not choose to postpone adult responsibilities.
D) young people would remain uncommitted for longer periods of time.
Beginning in __________, self-descriptions emphasize positive and negative traits.
A) early childhood
B) middle childhood
C) early adolescence
D) late adolescence
Why is it difficult for adults to modify gender stereotyping that occurs within children’s
peer groups?
A) Gender-typed remarks are inevitable in both boys and girls.
B) Biological sex is a legitimate basis for limiting individual roles and behaviors within
peer groups.
C) Children’s sexist statements often occur out of adults’ earshot.
D) Children are too confused by behaviors that fall outside of traditional gender roles.
During a study, the experimenter tells Kerri, “Either the swan is black or it is not black.”
Even though Kerri has never seen a black swan, she judges this statement to be true.
This is because Kerri
A) cannot yet conserve.
B) is making an A-not-B error.
C) is engaging in propositional thought.
D) is egocentric.