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Findings show that selective attention improves sharply between ages __________,
with gains continuing into adulthood.
A) 2 and 4
B) 5 and 7
C) 6 and 10
D) 11 and 15
With respect to the personal fable, viewing the self as highly capable and influential
helps young people
A) cope with the "storm and stress" of puberty.
B) view the imaginary audience more realistically and avoid negative emotions.
C) cope with the challenges of adolescence.
D) recognize their vulnerability and decrease their risk-taking behaviors.
A researcher is likely to choose a structured interview over a clinical interview when he
or she
A) is interested in more in-depth answers.
B) is concerned that observer influence might bias the findings.
C) plans to obtain written responses from an entire group of participants at the same
time.
D) is interested in obtaining sensitive information about the participant.
Mr. Li is a 50-year-old college graduate from China who just immigrated to the United
States and is learning English. Jet is 3 years of age and just immigrated to the United
States from China and is also learning English. Jet will complete high school, but not
college. What can we ascertain about the second-language acquisition of these two
individuals?
A) Jet will have greater English proficiency than Mr. Li only if he is raised in a
non-Chinese-speaking household.
B) By the time Jet is an adult, he and Mr. Li will have comparable English-speaking
skills.
C) Mr. Li will have greater English proficiency than Jet.
D) Jet will have greater English proficiency than Mr. Li.
According to psychoanalytical theory, Denzel will adopt his society's standards of
moral behavior through the process of
A) choice.
B) motivation.
C) biological necessity.
D) internalization.
Constructive processing takes place during
A) initial encoding only.
B) the retrieval phase only.
C) short-term storage only.
D) any phase of information processing.
The function of the Babinski reflex is
A) to protect the infant from strong stimulation.
B) linked to human evolutionary past, and may have helped an infant cling to the
mother.
C) to prepare an infant for voluntary reaching.
D) unknown.
In response to the Heinz dilemma, Dana says, "Respect for human life and personality
is absolute; people have a duty to save one another from dying." Dana is most likely in
the stage of __________ orientation.
A) social-contract
B) universal ethical principle
C) instrumental purpose
D) social-order-maintaining
Researchers who favor the biological perspective of morality believe that __________
is/are involved in the development of prosocial behaviors.
A) synaptic pruning
B) innate reflexes
C) brain lateralization
D) prewired emotional reactions
Girls who __________ are especially at risk for eating disorders.
A) reach puberty late
B) grow up with overweight mothers
C) reach puberty on time
D) are very dissatisfied with their body image
In Mr. Yi's classroom, students participate in a wide range of challenging activities with
teachers and peers, with whom they jointly construct understandings. Mr. Yi most likely
teaches in a __________ classroom.
A) philosophical
B) traditional
C) social-constructivist
D) Montessori
According to social learning theorists, operant conditioning is not enough for young
children to acquire moral responses because
A) prosocial behaviors do not increase with positive reinforcement.
B) parents rarely provide reinforcement following a prosocial act.
C) many prosocial acts occur so rarely at first that reinforcement cannot explain their
rapid development.
D) negative reinforcement does not decrease the likelihood of antisocial behavior.
Among U.S. teenagers, __________ percent experience mild to moderate feelings of
depression.
A) 10 to 25
B) 20 to 50
C) 30 to 40
D) 40 to 75
The male produces an average of __________ sperm each day.
A) 300
B) 300,000
C) 3 million
D) 300 million
Cross-cultural research on semantic development shows that
A) English-speaking toddlers are more likely than Asian toddlers to acquire action
words in their beginning vocabularies.
B) children in many cultures have more object words than action words in their
beginning vocabularies.
C) Asian toddlers are more likely than English-speaking toddlers to use object words.
D) toddlers more readily understand extensions of action words to new contexts than
extensions of object words.
Nearly one-fourth of U.S. children
A) were born in Latin America.
B) were born in Asia.
C) have foreign-born parents.
D) are illegal aliens.
Classical conditioning
A) works best after newborn reflexes disappear.
B) helps infants relax in unfamiliar situations due to the calming effect of the
unconditioned stimulus.
C) makes an infant's environment more disorganized and less predictable.
D) helps infants recognize which events usually occur together in the everyday world.
__________ do not violate rights and are up to the individual.
A) Moral imperatives
B) Social conventions
C) Immoral beliefs
D) Matters of personal choice
Today, most developing countries
A) have banned the practice of giving free or subsidized formula to new mothers.
B) encourage new mothers to give their breastfed infants an iron supplement.
C) provide free or subsidized formula to new mothers.
D) provide free rice water or highly diluted cow or goat milk to new mothers.
__________ has/have contributed to the number of African-American never-married,
single-mother families.
A) Greater equality for women and more income-earning opportunities
B) Traditions dating back to the slave era
C) The consequent inability of many black men to support a family
D) The widespread availability and generous benefits of child-welfare services
__________ and __________ are evident in the first week of life, long before babies
can actively rotate objects and view them from different angles.
A) Binocular depth perception; shape constancy
B) Size constancy; shape constancy
C) Contrast sensitivity; pictorial depth perception
D) Size constancy; binocular depth perception
__________ causes the adrenal system to produce unusually high levels of __________
from the prenatal period onward.
A) Diabetes; blood sugar
B) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; androgens
C) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia; estrogen
D) Anoxia at birth; androgens
Children who pass false-belief tasks have more accurate eyewitness memories because
A) their autobiographical memory, which is built upon a false-belief base, is highly
developed.
B) they are less likely to be confused or distracted by the actions of other people at the
scene and can accurately focus on the observed incident.
C) they realize that one person can present misinformation to another, which can affect
the second individual's beliefs.
D) they are able to integrate multiple sources of information, such as sights, sounds, and
images of people at the scene, at once.
With few exceptions, individuals move through Kohlberg's first four stages in
A) reverse order.
B) a random order.
C) a rapid manner.
D) the predicted order.
Over the past several decades, the number of young children in child care in the United
States has steadily increased to more than _____ percent.
A) 50
B) 60
C) 70
D) 80
Peter is a Swedish adolescent. He is likely to view gender roles as a
A) development of inborn traits.
B) set of rights or duties of each sex.
C) set of highly fluid, ill-defined concepts.
D) matter of learned tasks and domain of expertise.
Research on hearing shows that
A) newborns prefer listening to Mozart minuets with awkward breaks to those with
pauses between phrases.
B) newborns prefer pure tones to complex sounds, such as noises and voices.
C) the ability to identify the location of a sound is at adult levels by 1 month of age.
D) newborns' ability to perceive sounds not found in their own language is more precise
than an adult's.
To provide protection against starvation at times when game was scarce, the human
family pattern of our evolutionary past
A) developed into a female-dominated subculture whose sole purpose was continued
existence of the species.
B) purposely limited the number of children within each family unit in order to make
food supplies last as long as possible.
C) enhanced survival by ensuring a relatively even balance of male hunters and female
gatherers within a social group.
D) developed expanded kinship groups that were willing to sacrifice themselves for
individual members.
__________ and __________ are the two landmark cognitive changes that take place in
sensorimotor Substage 4 of Piaget's theory.
A) Deferred imitation; make-believe play
B) Conservation; centration
C) Dual representation; analogical problem solving
D) Intentional behavior; object permanence
A zygote that separates into two clusters of cells produces
A) a child with Down syndrome.
B) fraternal twins.
C) identical twins.
D) a child with triple X syndrome.
