When asked to self-evaluate her gender identity, Lulu says she feels similar to other
girls. Lulu can be described as a gender-__________ child.
A) contented
B) typical
C) stereotyped
D) atypical
Research on self-esteem indicates that.
A) children benefit from frequent compliments, regardless of whether they are based on
actual attainment.
B) the self-esteem of U.S. youths dropped sharply from the 1970s to the 1990s.
C) children do not benefit from compliments that have no basis in real attainment.
D) overly tolerant, indulgent parenting is linked to low self-esteem.
Reuben is a young child with a language impairment. He has difficulty expressing
concepts using words and word combinations. Reuben has problems with
A) grammar.
B) pragmatics.
C) semantics.
D) phonology.
In American Sign Language (ASL), accurately expressing motion requires
A) at least some ability to hear low tones.
B) well-developed fine-motor skills.
C) up to seven grammatical markers.
D) an understanding of pragmatic communication.
Which of the following adolescents is most likely to be in a state of identity moratorium
or achievement?
A) Adam, who is curious and open-minded
B) Noah, who is self-indulgent and doubtful
C) Daniel, who assumes that absolute truth is always attainable
D) Gabriel, who is conformist and obedient
Both __________ and __________ emphasize discontinuous development.
A) behaviorism; social learning theory
B) Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory; the psychoanalytic perspective
C) information processing; Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
D) ethology; evolutionary developmental psychology
Dr. Clinton measures children’s intelligence ahead of time and then assigns an equal
number of high- and low-scoring children to each treatment condition. Dr. Clinton is
using
A) a confounding variable.
B) matching.
C) a natural, or quasi-, experiment.
D) random assignment.
Research shows that children who become fluent in two languages
A) often receive support for their native language in school.
B) are advanced in cognitive development.
C) can acquire normal native ability in only one language.
D) often show serious metalinguistic deficits.
__________ is used by review committees in colleges, universities, and other
institutions to evaluate the ethics of research proposals.
A) A protection-from-harm ratio
B) Reliability
C) A risks-versus-benefits ratio
D) Validity
Which of the following scales of the Bayley-III depend on parental report?
A) the Cognitive Scale
B) the Adaptive Behavior Scale
C) the Motor Scale
D) the Language Scale
Which off the following statements contributes to IQ test bias against ethnic minorities?
A) Negative stereotypes about the test-taker’s ethnic group can undermine children’s IQ
performance.
B) Ethnic minority children often grow up in “object-oriented” rather than
“people-oriented” homes.
C) Ethnic minority parents do not promote complex verbal skills, such as storytelling.
D) Ethnic minority children are less concerned with pleasing their teachers than white
children.
__________ and __________ use is somewhat greater among European than among
U.S. adolescents.
A) Tobacco; alcohol
B) Alcohol; marijuana
C) Tobacco; marijuana
D) Marijuana; other illegal drug
Children first acquire skills for interacting with peers
A) from cartoon characters.
B) from child-care workers.
C) when they begin formal schooling.
D) within the family.
Research on theory of mind and perspective taking indicates that preschoolers
A) are capable of understanding what another person is thinking and feeling.
B) understand that two people can interpret the same ambiguous information
differently.
C) think that people always act in ways consistent with their desires and do not realize
beliefs also affect behavior.
D) realize that prior knowledge and experience affects an individual’s interpretation of
new information.
Child M uses a topic-associating style of narrative, blending several similar anecdotes
into a longer and more complex narrative than that of many other children. Child M is
probably
A) African American.
B) an American white child.
C) Japanese.
D) Mexican American.
Teacher expectations
A) have a greater impact on girls than boys.
B) are most effective when they emphasize competition and publicly compare children.
C) are usually slanted in a positive direction.
D) have a greater impact on low-achieving than high-achieving students.
One criticism of parental reports of temperament is that
A) most parents do not understand the measures used in temperament research.
B) they are inconvenient for researchers to administer.
C) depressed mothers perceive their babies as less difficult than they really are.
D) information from parents is biased.
Which of the following research methods would be the best suited for studying child
prodigies?
A) structured interviews
B) questionnaires
C) the clinical, or case study, method
D) ethnography
In the cross-sectional design,
A) groups of people differing in age are studied at the same point in time.
B) participants are studied repeatedly at different ages, and changes are noted as they
get older.
C) participants are presented with a novel task, and researchers follow their mastery
over a series of closely spaced sessions.
D) the investigator conducts several sequences and makes cross-sectional comparisons.
Although physical violence is condoned in 10-year-old Jalila’s household, she agrees
with society that fighting is unacceptable and subsequently acts according to her
personal standards. Jalila is demonstrating evidence of
A) internalization.
B) induction.
C) construction.
D) realism.
In some hospitals, health professionals use the NBAS to
A) measure habituation and recovery to visual stimuli.
B) demonstrate to parents the capacities of their newborn infant.
C) measure the newborn’s physical condition at 1 and 5 minutes after birth.
D) teach new mothers how to breastfeed their infants.
Dr. Petty is researching preschoolers’ capacity to voluntarily suppress a dominant
response in order to plan and execute a more adaptive response. She is focusing on
variations in how effectively a child can focus and shift attention, inhibit impulses, and
manage negative emotions. Dr. Petty is studying
A) attention span and persistence.
B) positive affect.
C) effortful control.
D) threshold of responsiveness.
Achievement gains for children in inclusive classrooms depend on
A) both the severity of the disability and the support services available.
B) the qualifications of the general education teacher.
C) whether or not they have access to mentors.
D) how they view the nature of their disability.
Which of the following situations challenges Freud’s view of conscience development?
A) Although Mia has been told that violating codes of conduct is wrong, her conscience
is too strong to experience guilt.
B) Mia’s parents frequently use disciplinary techniques, such as threats, commands, and
physical force, yet she violates rules often with little guilt.
C) Because her parents often use threats, commands, or physical force, Mia feels
extreme guilt after violating rules or codes of conduct.
D) Although her parents withhold attention and love when she misbehaves, Mia
compensates for this through attention from teachers and peers.
A special strength of the psychoanalytic perspective is its
A) global application to most cultures.
B) emphasis on the individual’s unique life history as worthy of study and
understanding.
C) emphasis on empirical research.
D) effectiveness in dealing with everyday difficulties.
When intelligence tests are standardized, the mean IQ is set at
A) 10.
B) 50.
C) 75.
D) 100.
Which of the following has hampered efforts to regulate TV broadcasting in the United
States?
A) lack of funding
B) intense pressure from parents
C) successful lobbying by television and film studios
D) the First Amendment right to free speech
Before Binet and Simon’s test, other researchers tried to assess intelligence using
A) experimental hypnosis.
B) interviews and observations of behavior.
C) measurements of the skull’s physical dimensions.
D) simple measures of sensory responsiveness and reaction time.
Early __________ behaviors suggest that infants are biologically prepared to coordinate
hand with eye in the act of exploring.
A) ulnar grasping
B) prereaching
C) visual acuity
D) pincer grasping
As 3-year-old Settje acquires language, __________ will develop ahead of
__________.
A) association; recognition
B) recall; comprehension
C) production; reception
D) comprehension; production
Five-year-old Sasha is participating in Piaget’s three-mountains problem. When Sasha is
asked to choose the picture that shows what the display looks like from the doll’s
perspective, he will most likely
A) choose the correct picture, but not be able to explain why he chose that picture.
B) know that the correct picture is different from his point of view, but not be sure
which picture to choose.
C) choose the picture that shows his own point of view.
D) choose the correct picture and be able to explain why he chose that picture.
In research on ethnically diverse lesbian, gay, and bisexual youths, awareness of a
same-sex physical attraction occurred, on average, between ages
A) 8 and 10 for boys.
B) 11 and 12 for girls.
C) 14 and 15 for girls.
D) 14 and 15 for boys.
When infants are tested to discover whether they understand the concept of object
permanence and are shown two eventsone expected and one unexpectedthe infants
A) show no awareness that the events differ from one another.
B) ignore the unexpected event.
C) look longer at the unexpected event than the expected event.
D) show a preference for the expected event.
At the end of the period of the embryo, the developing organism
A) establishes a regular sleep”wake cycle.
B) makes flutters that can be felt by the mother.
C) is about 3 inches long and weighs an ounce.
D) responds to touch.