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One factor that contributes to the enduring impact of high-quality early intervention
programs is an emphasis on
A) parent responsibility for payment of services.
B) parent involvement, education, and support.
C) rote and drill of basic reading and math facts.
D) services for children with special needs like autism and cerebral palsy.
When Baby Carissa "stumbles" onto a new experience, such as making a mobile
hanging over her crib move by kicking her feet, engaging in that activity repeatedly will
A) strengthen Carissa's response and create a new scheme.
B) provide Carissa with entertainment until she is better able to explore her world.
C) lead to the refinement of reflexive schemes.
D) facilitate cognitive equilibrium.
When asked about the meaning of friendship, teenagers stress which of the following
three characteristics?
A) popularity, intimacy, and enjoyable interactions
B) similar interests, family values, and trust
C) intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty
D) similar moral values, a common peer group, and enjoyable interactions
By age 10, most children
A) reach a broad understanding and awareness of the ways that knowledge is acquired.
B) are unable to consistently make mental inferences.
C) distinguish mental activities on the basis of certainty of knowledge.
D) grasp the interrelatedness of cognitive processes.
Vamsee is a flexible and open-minded individual. He will most likely
A) be socially skilled and have many opportunities for social participation.
B) be uninterested in others' moral ideas and justifications.
C) have difficulty adapting to new experiences.
D) put his own thoughts and preferences aside and adopt the perspectives of others.
In his rush to be first in line, 5-year-old Corey knocks down a classmate. Corey has just
engaged in __________ aggression.
A) proactive
B) reactive
C) relational
D) verbal
Donna appears to have a disorganized/disoriented attachment style. It is likely that
A) she is overstimulated by her mother.
B) her mother is depressed or has experienced a traumatic event.
C) she suffered anoxia at birth.
D) her mother is overly permissive.
Studies on the lasting effects of infant deprivation and sensitive periods are conducted
A) using parent volunteers who are not fully informed about the purpose of the
research.
B) in naturally occurring environments, such as orphanages.
C) in highly-controlled, laboratory settings.
D) in low-income, single-parent households only.
Theory of mind research indicates that by age 3, children realize that
A) doing well on a task depends on focusing attention.
B) a person reading a book or looking at pictures is thinking.
C) thinking takes place inside their heads.
D) if you "know" something you are more certain than if you "guessed."
Ethan tells his mother that he is not good at math because he got seven questions wrong
on his math test and his friend Jack got only one question wrong. Ethan's conclusion
that he is "not good at math" demonstrates the concept of
A) achievement motivation.
B) false belief.
C) social comparison.
D) perspective taking.
Sweet liquid increases the occurrence of the sucking response in baby Basil. Sweet
liquid is a(n)
A) punisher.
B) conditioned response.
C) reinforcer.
D) unconditioned response.
In Western societies, the role of equipping children with the skills they need to become
competent workers is assigned to
A) school.
B) parents.
C) mentors.
D) vocational programs.
In one study, investigators had 10- and 13-year-olds and their mothers and fathers
choose courses for the children to take when they reached secondary school. Results
showed that parents selected more __________ courses for daughters and more
__________ courses for sons.
A) language arts; science
B) math; science
C) science; social studies
D) language arts; math
Which of the following adolescents would most likely attempt suicide?
A) Krista, who lives in the United States
B) Rachel, who lives in Singapore
C) Francesco, who lives in Italy
D) Cooper, who lives in Australia
__________ are especially likely to profit from extracurricular pursuits that require
them to take on meaningful roles and responsibilities.
A) Overweight adolescents
B) Adolescents with physical limitations
C) Adolescents with academic, emotional, and social problems
D) Popular-prosocial adolescents
Recent ethnographic research reveals that
A) young Yucatec Mayan children decide for themselves how much to sleep and eat,
what to wear, when to bathe, and when to start school.
B) Yucatec Mayan children and Western children display impressive similarities in their
make-believe play, despite very different cultural and social conditions.
C) in cultures where parents rarely scaffold their children's learning, children tend to be
delayed in early cognitive skills.
D) in cultures where parents rarely converse with their children, children tend to
frequently display attention-getting behaviors.
Paternal involvement with children in dual-earner households is associated with
A) low self-esteem and high school dropout in girls but not boys.
B) high levels of competitive, aggressive behavior in school.
C) high intelligence and achievement and gender-stereotype flexibility in adolescence.
D) average intelligence, athletic competence, and gender typicality in adolescence.
In a 2003 comparison of the temperaments of Russian and U.S. babies, Russian infants
were
A) more emotionally positive.
B) more upset when frustrated.
C) less fearful.
D) less irritable.
Ailee sometimes gets into political discussions with her father who did not attend
college. They often disagree, but Ailee is a(n) __________ thinker and can see that her
beliefs are subjective to the circumstances, whereas her father is "certain" about what is
right and what is wrong.
A) omniscient
B) preoperational
C) dualistic
D) relativistic
A structured interview
A) yields a greater depth of information than does a clinical interview.
B) is too flexible and, therefore, yields too wide a variety of responses.
C) is more time consuming to conduct than is a clinical interview.
D) eliminates the possibility that an interviewer might press and prompt some
participants more than others.
The rooting reflex disappears around
A) 3 weeks.
B) 3 months.
C) 4 months.
D) 6 months.
Some critics of the violation-of-expectation method
A) believe that it indicates a conscious awareness of physical events rather than a
limited understanding.
B) argue that wide individual differences in recovery times exist.
C) believe that it indicates limited, implicit awareness of physical events rather than
conscious understanding.
D) argue that it is an inappropriate task to use with very young infants.
Which of the following children would be upset upon hearing her parents argue, but
would most likely try to hide her emotions from them?
A) Mira, who is a Buddhist
B) Suddhira, who is a Hindu
C) Christina, who is a Catholic
D) Pearl, who is an atheist
Babies with poor sleep organization are likely to
A) nap excessively during the day.
B) grow out of it by the end of the first year.
C) be behaviorally disorganized.
D) be cognitively advanced.
According to Case, __________ impose(s) a systemwide ceiling on cognitive
development.
A) plasticity
B) biology
C) environmental influences
D) children's mental strategies
Sami is a 5-year-old African-American girl. She is likely to
A) associate positive characteristics to both African-American and white children.
B) display in-group favoritism by assigning positive characteristics to
African-American children and negative characteristics to white children.
C) be completely unaware of prejudice because ethnic awareness does not emerge until
middle childhood.
D) display out-group favoritism by assigning positive characteristics to white children
and negative characteristics to African-American children.
The longest stage of labor is
A) dilation and effacement of the cervix.
B) transition.
C) delivery of the baby.
D) delivery of the placenta.
When 14-year-old Tatiana's friends call her name, she responds with, "What?!" When
her teacher calls her name, she responds by saying, "Yes, ma"am?" Tatiana's responses
indicate her understanding of
A) grammar.
B) syntax.
C) semantics.
D) pragmatics.
By the end of the school years, most children view gender-typed behavior
A) as inborn and fixed.
B) as socially influenced.
C) as unaffected by home rearing environments.
D) in mostly the same manner as they did at age 5.
According to Jean-Jacques Rousseau's view, the child is
A) tainted by original sin.
B) a tabula rasa.
C) a noble savage.
D) an active, purposeful being.
Which of the following statements is true about attachment?
A) Contemporary research indicates that an infant's emotional tie to the mother is the
foundation of all later relationships.
B) Because feeding is an important context for building a relationship, attachment
depends on hunger satisfaction.
C) Although the parent"infant bond is vitally important, later development is influenced
not just by early attachment experiences but also by the continuing quality of the
parent"child relationship.
D) Rhesus monkeys reared with terry-cloth and wire-mesh "surrogate mothers" clung to
whichever mother-substitute held their bottle and fed them, regardless of the substitute's
softness.
__________ is associated with civic commitment that persists into adulthood.
A) Participation in nonsport extracurricular activities at school
B) Reading about social injustice in other countries
C) Attending youth rallies
D) Watching movies that have a strong social message
Bullying occurs more often in schools
A) in low-SES communities.
B) that have more boys than girls.
C) that have no school code against bullying.
D) where teachers are viewed as unfair.
