Vygotsky emphasized __________ for preschool children, and then shifting to
__________ once formal schooling begins.
A) independent discovery learning; social context and collaboration
B) rote memory; make-believe play and reading
C) meaningful activities in children’s zones of proximal development; literacy activities
D) a basic skills approach; scaffolding
Cross-cultural research using NBAS scores reveals that
A) Asian babies are more irritable than Caucasian babies.
B) Native-American babies are less irritable than Caucasian babies.
C) U.S. babies have a stronger, more flexible muscle tone than Kipsigis babies of rural
Kenya.
D) in Zambia, Africa, maternal care has little to no effect on poor NBAS scores of
undernourished infants.
In comparing ethnic variations in growth rate, researchers find that __________
children tend to mature faster than __________ children.
A) European; African-American
B) Asian; Caucasian-American
C) European; Asian
D) Caucasian-American; African-American
Heritability evidence suggests that individual differences in working-memory capacity
and attentional processing
A) are seldom found within a given culture.
B) cannot be determined with any degree of reliability.
C) are influenced by substantial genetic contributions.
D) rely almost exclusively on external or environmental factors.
Which of the following infants is the most likely to refuse to cross the deep side of the
visual cliff?
A) Joey, a shy baby, who has just begun crawling
B) Monica, a fearless baby, who has just begun crawling
C) Ross, a shy baby, with a few weeks of crawling experience
D) Phoebe, a fearless baby, with several weeks of crawling experience
Which of the following events prompted the development of the first intelligence tests?
A) an increase in gifted children
B) the beginning of universal public education
C) the advent of special education classrooms
D) an increase in children with special needs
Ethnographic evidence indicates that corporal punishment increases in societies with
A) a collectivist orientation.
B) an individualistic orientation.
C) autocratic political decision making.
D) low rates of poverty.
Which of the following approaches is most beneficial in helping adolescents adjust to
school transition?
A) forming larger homerooms to encourage closer relations between teachers and
students
B) having alumni speak to new students about their own experiences with school
transition
C) assigning students to classes with several familiar peers
D) assigning students to classes with all new peers with similar interests
Kadin attends a school that includes multiage classrooms, teaching materials specially
designed to promote exploration and discovery, long time periods for individual and
small-group learning in child-chosen activities, and equal emphasis on academic and
social development. Kadin attends a
A) private preschool.
B) Head Start program.
C) Montessori preschool.
D) boarding school.
In __________, adolescents who do not go to a college-preparatory high school have
access to one of the world’s most successful work”study apprenticeship systems for
entering business and industry.
A) Canada
B) Japan
C) Sweden
D) Germany
Young children’s conversations appear
A) more mature in highly demanding situations in which they cannot see their listeners’
reactions or rely on typical conversational aids.
B) less mature in highly demanding situations in which they cannot see their listeners’
reactions or rely on typical conversational aids.
C) egocentric and immature in face-to-face situations with unfamiliar adults or peers.
D) adultlike in situations with familiar adults, such as parents, grandparents, or
child-care workers.
Growth hormone (GH)
A) affects prenatal growth.
B) decreases in production during puberty.
C) decreases in production after final adult height is reached.
D) affects development of the central nervous system.
Jack and Jake are fraternal twins who were reared together. Tom and Tim are identical
twins who were reared apart. Based on prior research, one would expect the IQ
correlation to be
A) higher for Jack and Jake than for Tom and Tim.
B) higher for Tom and Tim than for Jack and Jake.
C) negative for Tom and Tim and positive for Jack and Jake.
D) positive for Tom and Tim and negative for Jack and Jake.
During Bowlby’s “attachment-in-the-making” phase,
A) built-in signals help bring newborns into close contact with other humans.
B) infants respond differently to a familiar caregiver than to a stranger.
C) separation anxiety is evident.
D) separation protests decline.
Of the 9 million annual deaths of children under age 5 worldwide, _____ percent are
due to infectious diseases.
A) 30
B) 50
C) 70
D) 90
When asked about attitudes toward “cross-gender” behavior, parents of preschoolers
responded
A) more negatively to the idea of girls than of boys crossing gender lines.
B) positively to the idea of girls crossing gender lines.
C) equally negatively to the idea of boys and girls crossing gender lines.
D) more negatively to the idea of boys than of girls crossing gender lines.
fMRI studies on the brains of children with autism show
A) smaller than average brains due to high levels of synaptic pruning.
B) reduced activity in areas of the cerebral cortex involved in processing emotional and
social information.
C) reduced blood flow to the frontal lobe areas responsible for the ability to
self-regulate behavior.
D) recognizable impairments in all areas of the brain.
In Australia, infants who spend full days in government-funded child-care centers
A) show a mild decrease in saliva concentrations of cortisol across the day.
B) have a higher rate of secure attachment than infants informally cared for by relatives,
friends, and babysitters.
C) have a lower rate of secure attachment than infants informally cared for by relatives,
friends, and babysitters.
D) exhibit defiance and disobedience in middle childhood.
According to the environmental cumulative deficit hypothesis,
A) the effects of underprivileged rearing conditions on IQ tend to improve in middle
childhood.
B) most poor children are resilient to the effects of living in an underprivileged
environment and are average in intelligence.
C) the more economically disadvantaged the child, the more often the IQ test must be
administered to obtain a stable score.
D) the negative effects of underprivileged rearing conditions on IQ increase the longer
the child remains in those conditions.
Intervening with children who have weak social problem-solving skills can enhance
development by
A) giving children a sense of mastery in the face of stressful life events.
B) permitting children to represent and express the self more clearly.
C) increasing children’s self-esteem.
D) increasing children’s awareness of others’ feelings.
The umbilical cord
A) contains two veins.
B) provides the fetus a cushion against jolts caused by the mother’s movements.
C) grows to a length of 1 to 3 feet.
D) develops during the period of the fetus.
In a survey of parents of a large sample of ethnically and religiously diverse U.S.
undergraduate and graduate students, most viewed their children as
A) financially competent, but morally deficient.
B) socially mature, but cognitively immature.
C) fully mature adults.
D) not yet fully adult.
An investigator interested in studying fears in preschool children had them reach into a
covered box where she placed either a ball, a snake, a kitten, or a spider. Which of the
following research rights was violated?
A) protection from harm
B) informed consent
C) privacy
D) beneficial treatments
It is difficult to assess the damage from illegal drug use during pregnancy because
A) the effects of the drugs wear off within days of delivery.
B) many users display other high-risk behaviors.
C) public interest in the area has diminished.
D) prenatally exposed babies rarely develop lasting problems.
During the first month of life, the most fleeting state of arousal is
A) regular sleep.
B) irregular sleep.
C) quiet alertness.
D) waking activity and crying.
Which of the following statements is true about young children and planning?
A) Even when young children do plan, they succeed only on tasks with a small number
of steps.
B) Planning places heavy demands on long-term memory skills.
C) Children’s working memory is better equipped to monitor the success of each step if
they have not encountered the problem before.
D) By age 3, children are able to plan effectively.
One major limitation of the ethnographic method is
A) it does not reveal a depth of information.
B) findings cannot be applied to individuals and settings other than the ones studied.
C) participant responses are subject to inaccurate reporting.
D) it does not reveal the participants’ behavior in everyday life.
When studying development of early mental states, researchers found that as early as 6
months, infants
A) expect people to talk to other people, rather than to inanimate objects.
B) understand that people are intentional beings who share and influence another’s
mental state.
C) are aware that others’ perspectives differ from their own.
D) can determine if an object inside a box is desirable or undesirable.
According to Case’s neo-Piagetian theory, the early childhood stage involves
A) internal representations of events and actions.
B) complex transformations of representations.
C) simple transformations of representations.
D) sensory input and physical actions.
Models of effective behavior are especially influential
A) in the early years.
B) in middle childhood.
C) in adolescence.
D) if they combine harsh punishment with frequent time outs.
According to Piaget’s theory, cognitive development begins in the __________ stage.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
Some researchers believe that before the end of the first year, babies undergo a
fundamental shift from a(n) __________ basis to a(n) __________ basis for
constructing categories
A) logical; abstract
B) perceptual; abstract
C) logical; conceptual
D) perceptual; conceptual
The sequence of acquiring grammatical morphemes depends on __________ and
__________.
A) overregularization; adult modeling of correct grammar
B) development of the cerebral cortex; the language spoken in the home
C) semantic bootstrapping; the existence of overextensions
D) structural complexity; semantic complexity
Dr. Zoglin explains to his students how much easier it is to predict the motion of a
physical object, such as a rolling ball, than the actions of a person. Dr. Zoglin is
describing
A) differences between the I-self and the me-self.
B) differences between social and nonsocial cognition.
C) the development of self-awareness.
D) metacognitive understanding.
The existence of postconventional morality is a matter of speculation because
A) it is so rare that no clear evidence exists that Stage 6 actually follows Stage 5.
B) researchers disagree about how to assess it.
C) Kohlberg himself was unclear about moral reasoning at that stage.
D) it tends to emerge spontaneously in collectivist societies.