In __________, a hollow needle is inserted through the abdominal wall to obtain a
sample of fluid in the uterus during the 14th week after conception or later.
A) fetoscopy
B) amniocentesis
C) ultrafast MRI
D) preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Prenatal tobacco exposure is linked to
A) a predisposition to nicotine addiction during adolescence.
B) impaired heart rate and breathing during sleep, infant death, and asthma.
C) deformed facial features and poor vision.
D) delayed language development and poor fine-motor skills.
As the economies of industrialized nations have become more technical and
information-based, __________ has increased.
A) the number of manufacturing jobs
B) earlier independence of children from their families of origin
C) the amount of education required to enter complex, well-paid careers
D) the cultural construction of an abbreviated childhood
Marco, who has taken IQ tests at two different time periods, has declined in IQ.
Research indicates that children like Marco often have parents who
A) use either very severe or very lax discipline.
B) overstimulate them with extracurricular activities.
C) apply great pressure to succeed.
D) are overinvolved in their children’s lives.
At birth, __________ is the least developed of the senses.
A) touch
B) smell
C) vision
D) hearing
During the first year, sensitivity to language, cognitive and social skills, and
environmental supports pave the way for the onset of
A) social gesturing.
B) spatial strategizing.
C) theoretical reasoning.
D) verbal communication.
The effects of teratogens
A) are limited to immediate physical damage.
B) show up at birth.
C) may occur indirectly.
D) are no longer a serious concern.
Accordingly to Thomas and Chess, which dimension of temperament reflects the
amount of friendly, joyful behavior as opposed to unpleasant, unfriendly behavior?
A) intensity of reaction
B) quality of mood
C) adaptability
D) rhythmicity
Dr. O”Donnell studies why children play in gender-segregated groups and how such
play might lead to adult gender-typed behaviors. Dr. O”Donnell’s research is in the
realm of
A) cognitive psychology.
B) ecological systems theory.
C) sociocultural theory.
D) evolutionary developmental psychology.
Narcissistic children with unrealistically high self-esteem because of overly tolerant,
indulgent parenting
A) tend to be oblivious to what peers and others think of them.
B) rarely display any forms of meanness or aggression.
C) tend to lash out at peers who express disapproval.
D) are vulnerable to temporary, sharp peaks in self-esteem when their overblown
self-images are challenged.
Mr. and Mrs. Yen know that their young son is aggressive and impulsive. As a result,
they change their child-rearing style to counteract their son’s maladaptive behavior. Mr.
and Mrs. Yen are using
A) positive reinforcement.
B) a goodness-of-fit model.
C) interactional synchrony.
D) a functionalist approach.
Cassidy has been sexually abused. Who is most likely to have abused her?
A) her father
B) her sister
C) a stranger
D) a classmate
The most frequent prenatal infection is
A) herpes simplex 2.
B) syphilis.
C) cytomegalovirus.
D) chlamydia.
__________ is strongly associated with maltreatment of children.
A) Unmanageable parental stress
B) Authoritative child rearing
C) Lack of quality child care
D) School truancy
Which of the following statements is supported by current research on ethnic
differences in general intelligence among children?
A) American black children score, on average, 10 to 12 IQ points below American
white children.
B) Asian-American children score, on average, 15 IQ points above their white
counterparts.
C) Hispanic-American children score, on average, 12 to 14 IQ points below American
black children.
D) Hispanic-American children score, on average, 15 IQ points above their white
counterparts.
The work of William Perry provided the starting point for an expanding research
literature on the development of __________, or our reflections of how we arrived at
facts, beliefs, and ideas.
A) epistemic cognition
B) postformal thought
C) moral self-relevance
D) identity achievement
As children integrate separate behaviors into an appreciation of their own and others’
personalities and identities, social cognition
A) moves away from a metacognitive level of understanding.
B) changes from abstract to concrete.
C) becomes better organized with age.
D) develops more slowly than nonsocial cognition.
The field of child development now recognizes that __________ is among the most
powerful tools for preventing developmental problems and enhancing children’s quality
of life.
A) sound public policy
B) family therapy
C) early IQ testing
D) high-quality child care
According to Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory,
A) children’s understanding is different from adults’.
B) development must be understood in relation to each child’s culture.
C) children gradually develop adaptive behaviors.
D) rapid development occurs during a sensitive period.
The most powerful evidence that parents matter comes from
A) adoption studies.
B) twin research.
C) intervention experiments.
D) studies of single parenthood.
One way to assess the validity of a new measure of second-grade children’s
mathematical knowledge is to
A) compare the children’s answers on different halves of the same test.
B) test for inter-rater reliability.
C) compare the children’s answers on different forms of the same measure.
D) compare the children’s scores with how well they do on their math assignments in
school.
Which of the following reasons best explains why U.S. students fall behind in academic
accomplishments compared to their international peers?
A) Instruction in the United States is less challenging than in other countries.
B) U.S. teachers assign less homework than teachers in other countries.
C) U.S. parents tend to be disinterested in their children’s education.
D) U.S. students have language deficits that compound reading and math problems.
Before age 8, children’s descriptions of others focus on
A) concrete activities, behaviors, and commonly experienced emotions and attitudes.
B) inferences about personality, which are drawn together into organized character
sketches.
C) sharp trait descriptions like “honest,” “trustworthy,” “polite,” and “selfish.”
D) their misdeeds and character flaws.
Baby Wesley cries at the sound of another infant crying. Some researchers believe that
this response
A) is a form of simple imitation.
B) is an attempt to take an adult’s attention from the other infant.
C) reflects an inborn capacity to react to the suffering of others.
D) is uncommon and probably signifies a cognitive abnormality.
Ariel’s parents just divorced. They should be aware that a __________ will protect Ariel
from early sexual activity and unhappy romantic involvements.
A) few sessions of family therapy
B) good father”child relationship
C) good mother”child relationship
D) strong self-concept and sense of autonomy
Two-year-old Calvin said, “My cup falled,” when his cup fell off the table. Calvin’s
error is known as an
A) underregularization.
B) underextension.
C) overregularization.
D) overextension.
Which of the following statements is true about teratogens?
A) Aspirin cannot penetrate the placental barrier.
B) Having two cups of coffee per day cannot increase the risk of miscarriage.
C) Ingesting in excess of 100 milligrams of caffeine per day increases the risk of low
birth weight.
D) Antidepressant medication use is not linked to any long-term birth complications.
Componential analyses reveal that __________ is/are moderately related to general
intelligence and to gains in mental test performance over time.
A) slow ERPs
B) processing speed
C) self-efficacy
D) cognitive self-regulation
Which of the following statements is true about sibling influences on gender typing?
A) Younger siblings tend to have a significant and lasting impact on older siblings’
gender typing.
B) Sibling effects on gender typing are more complex than peer influences because they
depend on birth order and family size.
C) Contrary to popular belief, birth order and family size have little, if any, impact on
children’s gender typing.
D) Children with same-sex siblings are less gender-typed than children with no siblings.
In one study, the combination of __________ and __________ increased the likelihood
of insecure attachment at 12 months.
A) preterm birth; maternal age
B) preterm birth; maternal depression
C) low marital satisfaction; maternal anxiety
D) maternal age; maternal depression