Which of the following statements is true about genotypes?
A) They are directly observable characteristics.
B) They always pair up in the same way across the DNA ladder rungs.
C) They are rodlike structures in the cell nucleus that transmit genetic information.
D) They are a complex blend of genetic information that influences all our unique
characteristics.
According to identity theorists, individuals who move away from identity __________
toward identity __________ build a well-structured identity that integrates various
domains.
A) achievement and foreclosure; moratorium and diffusion
B) moratorium and diffusion; achievement and foreclosure
C) achievement and diffusion; foreclosure and moratorium
D) foreclosure and diffusion; moratorium and achievement
During childhood and adolescence, perceived __________ correlates more strongly
with global self-esteem than any other self-esteem factor.
A) physical/athletic ability
B) academic competence
C) physical appearance
D) social competence
In Kohlberg’s theory, at the __________ level, children accept the rules of authority
figures and judge actions by their consquences.
A) principled
B) preconventional
C) conventional
D) postconventional
In learning basic math, poorly performing students
A) use drill in computing rather than “number sense.”
B) are often unable to learn how to compute numbers by rote.
C) try to retrieve answers from memory too soon.
D) use simplistic techniques.
Baby Yolanda’s eyelids are closed, and her breathing is irregular. Her limbs show gentle
movements, and she shows some facial grimacing. Occasional rapid eye movements
can be seen beneath her eyelids. Yolanda is displaying which state of arousal?
A) regular sleep
B) irregular sleep
C) drowsiness
D) quiet alertness
Expensive early learning centers that feature a full curriculum of reading, math, science,
art, music, and gym
A) tend to produce the most academically advanced schoolchildren.
B) can compensate for extreme deprivation in the early months of life.
C) usually create a stress-free environment for infants and parents.
D) can overwhelm children, cause them to withdraw, and threaten their interest in
learning.
Categorization helps infants learn and remember by
A) teaching them how to group abstract stimuli.
B) enhancing their symbolic understanding.
C) reducing the enormous amount of new information they encounter every day.
D) pairing objects with word associations.
Based on her experience with young infants, Maria, a child-care worker, wonders if
children are born with a built-in storehouse of rules that are common to all human
languages. Maria is pondering the concept of
A) linguistic expansions.
B) infant-directed speech.
C) private speech.
D) universal grammar.
Unlike the clinical, or case study, method, ethnographic research
A) is easily biased by the researcher’s beliefs.
B) is aimed at understanding a single individual.
C) is a descriptive technique.
D) relies on participant observation.
Appreciation of second-order false belief requires __________, a form of perspective
taking that involves the ability to reason simultaneously about what two or more people
are thinking.
A) making mental inferences
B) identity diffusion
C) self-recognition
D) recursive thought
Gains in cognitive inhibition predict __________ particularly strongly, perhaps because
children must suppress __________ responses.
A) false-belief understanding; irrelevant
B) high self-esteem; immature
C) theory of mind; false-belief
D) self-awareness; egocentric
Immigrant parents of successful youths typically
A) do not share their children’s views on the importance of education.
B) stress individual goals over allegiance to family and community.
C) develop close ties to an ethnic community.
D) allow their children to monitor themselves.
Which of the following statements is true regarding working memory?
A) Working memory is the conscious, reflective part of our mental system.
B) The capacity of working memory is far more restricted than that of the sensory
register.
C) Most school-age children can hold 10 to 12 items in their working memory.
D) The capacity of working memory is far greater than that of the long-term memory
store.
Dr. Padin refers to one of his patients in terms of early-appearing, stable individual
differences in reactivity and self-regulation. Dr. Padin is referring to his patient’s
A) temperament.
B) maturity level.
C) personality.
D) attachment.
Baby Pedro has combined his reaching, grasping, and sucking schemes into one
higher-order scheme that allows him to reach for his pacifier and put it into his mouth to
suck. In Piaget’s theory, this achievement is an example of
A) accommodation.
B) assimilation.
C) organization.
D) adaptation.
In many mammals, the sense of smell plays an important role in
A) protecting the young from predators.
B) communicating a baby’s discomfort.
C) choosing non-poisonous foods.
D) communicating danger.
Overall, children of gay and lesbian parents can be distinguished from other children
mainly by
A) the amount of harassment they receive from peers.
B) their tendency to associate only with same-sex peers.
C) issues related to living in a nonsupportive society.
D) the psychological stigma of their parents’ sexuality.
Dr. Adolph takes measures of behavior on large numbers of individuals and computes
age-related averages to represent typical development. Dr. Adolph uses
A) the normative approach.
B) behaviorism.
C) intelligence testing.
D) psychoanalysis.
On intelligence tests, vocabulary, general information, and arithmetic problems are
examples of items that emphasize __________ intelligence.
A) fluid
B) specific
C) general
D) crystallized
Charlotte is long and lean. She engages in make-believe play and has a blossoming
sense of morality. Charlotte is probably in which period of human development?
A) the prenatal period
B) infancy and toddlerhood
C) early childhood
D) middle childhood
Manisha reports feeling satisfied with being a girl. Manisha can be considered
A) a gender-contented child.
B) a gender-typical child.
C) gender-discontented.
D) an adolescent.
James Mark Baldwin
A) created one of the earliest intelligence tests used in American schools.
B) argued that intelligence is best understood in terms of reaction time to physical and
social stimuli.
C) believed that children’s unique ways of thinking and feeling could be harmed by
adult interference.
D) believed that children’s understanding of their physical and social worlds develops
through a sequence of stages.
The brains of left-handers tend to be __________ than those of right-handers.
A) less plastic
B) structurally larger
C) more strongly lateralized
D) less strongly lateralized
Psychoanalytic theorists were strongly committed to
A) the experimental method.
B) correlational studies of preschool children.
C) systematic observation.
D) in-depth study of individual children.
In one study, deaf toddlers and preschoolers whose parents discouraged manual signing
and addressed them verbally
A) spontaneously produced a gestural communication system.
B) reached language milestones at the same time as their hearing agemates.
C) did not develop stable vocabularies or systematic grammatical rules.
D) generated a communication system that was limited to writing.
Two-year-old Viola calls her father’s swimming goggles “water glasses.” According to
Piaget’s theory, Viola is most likely
A) accommodating.
B) assimilating.
C) organizing.
D) equilibrating.
Which of the following statements is true about organized youth sports?
A) Partly because of parents’ concern about safety, today’s children devote far less time
to organized sports than children in previous generations.
B) About half of U.S. children participate in organized sports outside of school hours at
some time between ages 5 and 18.
C) In most organized sports, the rate of serious injury is high throughout childhood and
adolescence.
D) High parental pressure to excel at sports and frequent, intense practices are linked to
promoting elite performance.
The ethical principle of __________ requires special interpretation when participants
cannot fully appreciate the research goals and activities.
A) privacy
B) beneficial treatments
C) informed consent
D) knowledge of results
Rachel graduated from college and immediately took a Peace Corps assignment. When
she finished, she came back to the United States and entered graduate school. American
psychologist Jeffrey Arnett calls this exploration of possibilities and deferment of a
more traditional career-and-family lifestyle a period of
A) postformal thought.
B) emerging adulthood.
C) cognitive immaturity.
D) dualistic thinking.
Longitudinal research shows that spanking is associated with a
A) high level of respect toward adults and other authority figures.
B) rise in behavior problems if parents are cold and rejecting.
C) decrease in behavior problems if parents deliver it when they are highly agitated.
D) decrease in antisocial behavior in girls but not boys.
Baby Xavier reacts especially strongly to unpleasant stimuli. His crying is intense and
high-pitched. Xavier did not experience prenatal or birth complications and has no brain
damage. Xavier probably
A) has colic.
B) is easier to calm down than other babies.
C) is at high risk for SIDS.
D) is deficient in REM sleep.