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Cooing in infancy refers to
A) strings of different speech sounds.
B) repeated consonant"vowel combinations.
C) vowel-like noises.
D) strings of several identical sounds.
In one study, researchers said to children, "Sam can"t find his dog. Sam's dog is really
in the kitchen, but Sam thinks his dog is in the bedroom. Where will Sam look for his
dog?" Children who stated that Sam would look in the kitchen do not yet understand
A) false beliefs.
B) the I-self.
C) metaphors.
D) proximity.
Studies of IQ correlations between twins and other relatives show that the average
correlation for
A) identical and fraternal twins decreases into adulthood.
B) fraternal twins living together is stronger than the average correlation for identical
twins living apart.
C) twin and nontwin siblings living together is stronger than the average correlation for
those living apart.
D) fraternal twins living apart is stronger than the average correlation for nontwin
siblings living together.
Gender schema theory
A) separates the effects of gender stereotyping, gender identity, and gender-role
adoption on children's behavior.
B) highlights the importance of androgyny for psychological well-being across the
lifespan.
C) integrates gender stereotyping, gender identity, and gender-role adoption into a
unified picture of how masculine and feminine orientations emerge.
D) maintains that gender stereotyping and gender-role adoption are most influential in
adolescence and emerging adulthood.
While the secular trend toward earlier first menstruation has stopped in most
industrialized nations, in the United States
A) the trend has slightly reversed due to improved nutrition.
B) soaring rates of overweight and obesity are responsible for a modest, continuing
trend.
C) improved health care is responsible for a modest, continuing trend.
D) the trend has slightly reversed due to improved health care.
The dependent variable is the one the investigator expects to
A) be influenced by the independent variable.
B) influence the independent variable.
C) cause changes in another variable.
D) remain stable throughout the experiment.
Children of gay and lesbian parents
A) are more likely to be homosexual than children raised by heterosexual parents.
B) do not experiment with partners of both sexes, despite encouragement from their
parents to do so
C) do not differ from the children of heterosexuals in mental health, peer relations, or
gender-role identity.
D) get along better with same-sex peers than children of heterosexual parents.
Jerome Kagan's longitudinal research on several hundred Caucasian infants found that
about 40 percent of 4-month-old babies
A) were easily upset by novelty.
B) retained their temperamental styles as they got older.
C) were comfortable, even delighted, with new experiences.
D) became more extreme in disposition over time.
Theories differ from mere opinion and belief in that
A) they provide the ultimate truth.
B) they are usually too abstract to be used as a basis for practical action.
C) they cannot be tested in a research setting.
D) their continued existence depends on scientific verification.
Observations of mothers and fathers interacting with their youngsters in teaching
situations reveal that parents continue to
A) demand greater independence from girls than boys.
B) demand greater independence from boys than girls.
C) emphasize emotions and feelings with boys more so than with girls.
D) emphasize emotions and feelings with girls more so than with boys.
Animal research shows that __________ increase(s) active play in both male and
female mammals.
A) prenatally administered estrogen
B) limited exposure to females
C) encouragement of cross-gender socialization
D) prenatally administered androgens
In which of the following ways can society help minority adolescents resolve identity
conflicts?
A) Discourage young people from developing a bicultural identity.
B) Encourage non-English-speaking students to abandon their native language.
C) Foster contact with peers of the same ethnicity.
D) Discourage contact with peers of the same ethnicity.
Kinship studies reveal a __________ role for heredity in intelligence.
A) very strong
B) strong
C) moderate
D) weak
Chomsky's language acquisition device (LAD) refers to
A) instructional techniques for children with speech and language delays.
B) speech programs that parents can use to teach their children grammatical rules.
C) computer programs that attempt to generate the linguistic rules that are needed for
language acquisition.
D) an innate system that permits children to combine words into grammatically
consistent, novel utterances.
In nonaggressive children, violent TV
A) sparks hostile thoughts and behavior.
B) has little or no effect on their behavior.
C) increases their intolerance of aggression in others.
D) actually promotes greater warmth in healthy parent"child relationships.
Children in Piaget's heteronomous morality stage
A) want to maintain the affection and approval of others by being a "good person."
B) view rules as unchangeable and requiring strict obedience.
C) base their moral understanding on reward, punishment, and the power of authority
figures.
D) view the "right" action as what satisfies their needs or otherwise results in personal
advantage.
Research on the importance of early experiences for children's intellectual development
played a major role in the founding of
A) the Convention on the Rights of the Child.
B) the Children's Defense Fund.
C) Project Head Start.
D) the National Association for the Education of Young Children.
If Stewart and Merrie want to regulate their children's TV and computer use, one
helpful strategy is to
A) allow their children only 30 minutes of unsupervised TV viewing or computer use
per day.
B) allow their children to only be able to do one or the other each day of the week.
C) avoid using TV or computer time as a reward.
D) permit their children to watch TV and play on the computer only in their bedrooms.
Ten-year-old Martine is reading a story. When she gets to a difficult section, she does
not slow down. Martine has not yet mastered
A) cognitive self-regulation.
B) theory of mind.
C) metacognition.
D) cognitive inhibition.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on categorical speech
perception?
A) A preference for the overall sound pattern of one's native language to that of a
different language emerges during the second half of the first year.
B) Young infants are sensitive to a much wider range of speech categories than exists in
their own language.
C) At birth, infants organize speech into the phonemic categories of their own language.
D) The emergence of categorical speech perception in the first few days after birth is
largely due to adult interaction.
Children in the concrete operational stage
A) can think logically when dealing with abstract information.
B) move along a continuum of acquisition of logical concepts.
C) master Piaget's concrete operational tasks all at once.
D) continue to fail conservation tasks.
Nicholas is a bilingual child who sometimes produces an utterance in one language that
contains one or more "guest" words from the other. Nicholas is engaging in
A) code switching.
B) semantic bootstrapping.
C) overregularization.
D) telegraphic speech.
The Stanford-Binet and the Wechsler tests
A) are used mainly for instructional planning.
B) require very little training to administer and score.
C) are most often used to identify highly intelligent children and diagnose those with
learning problems.
D) fail to take into account the child's behavior during the administration of the test.
Compared to low-SES black parents, middle-SES white parents are more likely to ask
their children
A) story-starter questions.
B) questions that have a "right" answer.
C) questions to which they themselves do not know the answer.
D) analogy questions.
In middle childhood, many deaf children of hearing parents achieve poorly in school,
are deficient in social skills, and display impulse-control problems. Meanwhile, deaf
children of deaf parents escape these difficulties. This is likely because hearing parents
A) lack experience with visual communication.
B) often become frustrated and give up on exerting any control over their deaf children.
C) usually do not benefit from social support and training in how to interact with their
nonhearing children.
D) do not have access to medical services for children with special needs.
According to Freud, the __________ works to reconcile the demands of the
__________ and the __________.
A) id; ego; superego
B) superego; id; ego
C) ego; id; superego
D) id; conscience; subconscious
From the preschool to the school years, conflicts shift from __________ to
__________.
A) material concerns; relationship issues
B) psychological issues; material concerns
C) social issues; psychological issues
D) material concerns; social issues
Which of the following statements is true about emotions?
A) Emotions are learned behaviors.
B) Young children are unable to experience more than one emotion at a time.
C) Authoritative parents tend to discourage emotional expression in their children.
D) Emotional reactions can lead to learning that is essential for survival.
Which of the following findings raises doubt about Chomsky's assumption that
grammatical knowledge is innately determined?
A) Adults and adolescents have more difficulty acquiring a second language than young
children.
B) Complete mastery of some grammatical forms is not achieved until well into middle
childhood.
C) Chimpanzees learn to communicate through sign language and symbols.
D) As children acquire language, the brain becomes increasingly specialized for
language processing.
When researchers showed 2-month-olds a series of pictures that alternated in a
predictable left"right sequence, the babies learned to shift their focus to the location of
the next stimulus before it appeared. These findings indicate that the seeds of
__________ are present in infancy.
A) metacognition
B) rehearsal
C) planning
D) semantic memory
Which of the following statements is true regarding adult responsiveness to infant
cries?
A) A baby's cry stimulates stronger feelings of arousal and discomfort in men than
women.
B) Parents who score low in empathy are most likely to respond quickly to infant
crying.
C) Compared to non-depressed mothers, depressed mothers tend to be more sensitive to
their infant's crying.
D) As babies get older, parents react to more subtle cues in the cry, which help them
figure out what is wrong.
Five-year-old Stefan uses symbols to represent sensorimotor discoveries. However, his
thinking lacks logic. Stefan is in Piaget's __________ stage of development.
A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) concrete operational
D) formal operational
Researchers in diverse theories continue to draw inspiration from Piaget's view of the
child as a(n)
A) tabula rasa.
B) active, constructive learner.
C) passive learner.
D) social being.
