Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) usually occurs
A) during the day.
B) during the second year of life.
C) in healthy infants with no signs of physical problems.
D) between ages 2 and 4 months.
When adults ask children open-ended questions about story events, explain the meaning
of words, and point out features of point, they are engaging in
A) literacy modeling.
B) phonological awareness.
C) emergent literacy.
D) interactive reading.
By what age do children clearly recognize the difference between truthfulness and
lying?
A) 2 years
B) 4 years
C) 8 years
D) 10 years
Which of the following is the most effective method for a caregiver to encourage a
wary 18-month old child to play with an unfamiliar toy?
A) Quietly place the toy near the child.
B) Engage the child in eye contact, smile, and point to the toy.
C) Carry the child to the toy and silently put the child down.
D) Use vocal encouragement, either alone or with a positive facial expression.
Rochelle’s favorite television shows have families where the mothers do not work. She
also notices that most of the teachers in her elementary school are female. Rochelle is
developing gender-typed beliefs
A) through observational learning.
B) through direct instruction by teachers and the media.
C) that are biased against males.
D) that will help her interact more effectively with the other sex.
Enrique tells Jimmy that soccer is his favorite sport. Jimmy responds, “I like soccer,
too. What’s your favorite position?” Jimmy’s response is an example of
A) shading.
B) a turnabout.
C) an expansion.
D) recasting.
Which of the following statements is true about sex differences?
A) More girls than boys are born with birth defects.
B) More boys than girls are born mentally retarded.
C) More girls than boys have learning disabilities.
D) Fewer boys than girls die in infancy and childhood.
The gender gap in emotional sensitivity seems to come primarily from.
A) exposure to androgens prenatally.
B) parenting styles that downplay gender stereotypes.
C) cultural expectations that girls be warm and expressive and boys be distant and
self-controlled.
D) reinforcement from teachers for quiet and self-controlled behavior.
Vygotsky’s theory differs from Piaget’s theory in that Vygotsky
A) believed that children are active, constructive beings.
B) believed that children undergo certain stagewise changes.
C) viewed cognitive development as taking place in universal stages.
D) viewed cognitive development as a socially mediated process.
Physiological research on Chomsky’s notion of a brain prepared to process language
indicates that
A) electrical activity is distributed across both hemispheres of the cerebral cortex.
B) the broad association of language functions is right-hemispheric.
C) electrical activity becomes increasingly concentrated in the right-hemispheric
region.
D) the broad association of language functions is left-hemispheric.
Of all Western nations, __________ has the highest percentage of extremely poor
children.
A) the United States
B) Canada
C) Denmark
D) Australia
Because older children realize that gender-stereotypic attributes are associatedbut not
definingfeatures of gender, their beliefs about possible male and female characteristics
and capacities
A) do not yet encompass conflicting information.
B) tend to be one-sided judgments.
C) rely on gender labels.
D) become more flexible.
A large survey of high school students found that part-black biracial teenagers
A) report as much discrimination as their black monoracial counterparts.
B) are almost always identity achieved.
C) have a stronger sense of ethnic identity than their monoracial black peers.
D) usually select the identity that most closely matches their physical appearance.
Which of the following statements is true regarding achievement-related attributions?
A) Boys tend to receive messages from teachers and parents that their ability is at fault
when they do not do well.
B) Positive trait statements encourage children to adopt an incremental view of ability.
C) Despite their higher achievement, girls more often than boys attribute poor
performance to lack of ability.
D) Low-SES, ethnic-minority children often receive more favorable feedback from
teachers when assigned to homogeneous groups of poorly achieving students.
Induction points out the effects of
A) unacceptable behavior, but does not lead to internalization of moral norms.
B) harsh punishment on moral development.
C) the child’s prosocial behavior on adults and peers.
D) the child’s misbehavior on others and makes it clear that the child caused it.
Research using the HOME checklist has shown that
A) when researchers control for SES, the black”white disparity in preschoolers’ IQ
increases by a few points.
B) the HOME”IQ relationship declines in middle childhood.
C) HOME scores do not predict IQ beyond the effects of maternal education and
intelligence.
D) the HOME”IQ correlation is stronger for adopted children than biological children.
Obert shows a sharp increase in EEG brain-wave activity in the right hemisphere after
seeing a classmate crying. Obert is displaying
A) a lack of empathy for another’s emotional needs.
B) a strong sense of sympathy.
C) an ability to self-regulate his own emotions.
D) delayed social-referencing skills.
Adopted children and adolescents
A) are no more likely than biological children to have learning or emotional difficulties.
B) tend to have more learning and emotional difficulties than other children.
C) rarely develop a secure attachment to any adult.
D) often have higher IQs than other children.
Which of the following is a major limitation of microgenetic research?
A) Selective attrition often distorts developmental trends.
B) Practice effects can distort microgenetic findings.
C) Microgenetic studies often create ethical issues.
D) Cohort effects often limit the generalizability of findings.
Follow-up research on Piaget’s theory indicates that children
A) regard adults with unquestioning respect.
B) do not regard adults with unquestioning respect.
C) cannot discriminate between truthfulness and lying until the end of elementary
school.
D) do not develop differential notions about the legitimacy of authority figures until the
age of 10.
Frequency of __________ is associated with reduced sexual risk taking, alcohol and
drug use, and mental health problems in adolescence.
A) family meals
B) extracurricular activities
C) peer interaction
D) parental communication
The maturation of the breasts, uterus, and vagina are caused by the release of
A) estrogens.
B) adrenal androgens.
C) testosterone.
D) thyroxine.
The development of __________ memory is linked with the emergence of the
__________ self.
A) recognition; social
B) working; enduring
C) semantic; categorical
D) autobiographical; remembered
Although Kyra was considered a “tomboy” in early and middle childhood, by high
school, she became interested in wearing makeup and feminine clothes. Kyra’s situation
is an example of gender
A) intensification.
B) consistency.
C) stability.
D) endurance.
Which of the following statements is true about maternity leave?
A) The United States has the most generous maternity leave program in the world.
B) In the United States, the federal government mandates 12 weeks of paid maternity
leave for all working mothers.
C) The average length of maternity leave in the United States is not enough to promote
favorable maternal mental health and sensitive caregiving.
D) All Western nations guarantee women at least six weeks of paid maternity leave.
By the end of the first year, infants
A) use language to acquire new information about an absent object.
B) use pictures as vehicles for communicating with others and acquiring new
knowledge.
C) begin to use an object that already has an obvious use as a symbol for another object.
D) form flexible mental representations of how to use tools to get objects.
Gregor just turned 2. By this age, the video deficit effect
A) declines.
B) increases.
C) peaks.
D) stabilizes.
Which of the following insecure attachment classifications is as stable as secure
attachment?
A) social
B) disorganized/disoriented
C) avoidant
D) resistant
The Yardleys have a teenage son and a teenage daughter. How can they improve the
likelihood that their teens will make healthy food choices?
A) Serve two, rather than three, meals per day because teens consume less in the
morning.
B) Make sure that they only eat fast food one or two days a week.
C) Frequently schedule and serve family meals.
D) Enroll them in a health and nutrition class and encourage competitive sports
participation.
Which of the following statements is true about measuring intelligence?
A) Intelligence tests assess an individual’s potential to learn a specialized activity.
B) The differences among intelligence, aptitude, and achievement tests are clear-cut.
C) Aptitude tests assess a wider range of skills than intelligence tests.
D) Achievement tests assess a narrower range of skills than intelligence and aptitude
tests.
While learning to do long division, Tevon did not receive any feedback as to whether he
was on the right track. As a result, Tevon began giving the first answer that came into
his head. Tevon’s reaction in this situation is known as
A) mental rotation.
B) culturally distinctive disorganization.
C) stereotype threat.
D) disruptive apprehension.
__________ is generally regarded as the founder of the child-study movement.
A) Charles Darwin
B) John Locke
C) G. Stanley Hall
D) Benjamin Spock