When Aiden needs to make a decision, he carefully weighs his own judgment and the
suggestions of others to arrive at a well-reasoned course of action. This is the
__________ component of autonomy.
A) behavioral
B) emotional
C) identity
D) idealized
Children with peer difficulties
A) are often popular with younger children.
B) often hold biased social expectations.
C) are liked by teachers but ignored by classmates.
D) tend to come from one-child families.
A hallmark of the concrete operational stage is the ability to
A) understand dual representation.
B) participate in sociodramatic play.
C) pass conservation tasks.
D) engage in animistic thinking.
Because the main goal of high-stakes testing is to upgrade the performance of poorly
achieving students, low-income and ethnic minority children are
A) especially likely to be exposed to narrowly focused, regimented teaching.
B) protected from being trapped in poor-performing schools.
C) dropping out of school in fewer numbers.
D) more likely to experience teachers who emphasize deeper understanding of material.
Which of the following preschoolers will demonstrate greater awareness of false belief?
A) Gwen, who is an only child
B) Helena, who has two younger siblings
C) Rakita, who has a twin sister
D) Louisa, who has three older siblings
Which of the following personal qualities do higher-SES parents tend to emphasize they
desire for their children?
A) obedience, politeness, neatness, and cleanliness
B) autonomy, assertiveness, a strong work ethic, and ethnic pride
C) curiosity, happiness, self-direction, and cognitive and social maturity
D) assertiveness, insight, stubbornness, and strong leadership skills
Whereas American parents and teachers tend to regard __________ as the key to
academic success, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese parents and teachers believe that
__________.
A) native ability; all children can succeed academically as long as they try hard
B) social forces; repetitive drills lead to greater math understanding
C) stimulating, academically demanding classrooms; native ability determines success
D) student motivation and parental guidance; work outside the classroom is essential
Elena and Aidan are both writers and spend a great deal of time reading to their young
son. This is an example of
A) a passive gene”environment correlation.
B) an evocative gene”environment correlation.
C) an active gene”environment correlation.
D) niche-picking.
Gender-stereotype flexibility rises as children develop
A) an understanding that males and females have different abilities and preferences.
B) noticeable physical and pubertal changes.
C) social skills that enable them to work and play with members of the other sex.
D) the cognitive capacity to integrate conflicting social cues.
One criticism of home research observations of temperament is that
A) the results are often too subjective.
B) observers find it hard to capture all relevant information.
C) fearful children may be unwilling to be observed.
D) the researchers are often biased.
When exposed to dynamic stimuli, infants
A) fixate on the image’s edges.
B) fixate more on external features.
C) cannot thoroughly inspect the image until 4 months of age.
D) often become bored and listless.
Piaget divided the sensorimotor stage into six substages based on
A) anecdotal evidence provided by hundreds of parents.
B) rigorous laboratory experiments with young children.
C) observations of his three children.
D) his research with children in French orphanages.
Which of the following statements is true regarding homesign?
A) Children who use homesign reach language milestones at the same rate as hearing
children.
B) Children typically pick up the homesign gesture system from their parents.
C) Homesign does not follow any basic grammatical rules.
D) Homesign is used for the same diverse purposes as any language.
A distance curve
A) plots the average amount of growth at each yearly interval.
B) indicates typical yearly progress toward maturity.
C) reveals the exact timing of growth spurts.
D) helps track brain and body growth in children from diverse cultures.
The capacity for __________ distinguishes the formal operational stage from the
concrete operational stage.
A) conservation
B) abstract thinking
C) analogical problem solving
D) dual representation
The most influential information-processing theories of language development are
derived from research with
A) adopted infants.
B) connectionist, or artificial neural network, models.
C) toddlers who use ASL.
D) low-income and poverty-stricken children.
Six-year-old Augustus watches about 3 hours of television per day. Research reveals
that Augustus is likely to accumulate _____ percent __________ body fat than children
devoting 1.75 hours per day to television.
A) 20; less
B) 20; more
C) 40; less
D) 40; more
Cho is just beginning to learn to read and write. If she uses the computer for word
processing,
A) the ability to revise her text’s meaning and style will cause her to worry less about
making mistakes.
B) she will become easily frustrated because her typing skills are slower than writing
with a pencil.
C) she will not learn to spell correctly, as she will rely on the computer to correct her
mistakes.
D) her attention will be sustained longer, but the quality of her work will be poor.
Yesica is much taller than the worldwide average height for children her age. Yesica
probably lives in a(n)
A) cold, Arctic area.
B) undeveloped region.
C) developed country.
D) poor nation.
Which of the following is a major criticism of Freud’s theory?
A) It was based on the problems of sexually repressed, well-to-do adults, not on direct
study of children.
B) It does not acknowledge the individual’s unique life history as worthy of study and
understanding.
C) It ignores the value of the clinical, or case study, method.
D) It mostly ignores milestones of infant and toddler development.
Enrique is 2 months old, painfully thin, and in danger of dying. His mother is too
malnourished to produce enough breast milk and bottle-feeding is inadequate. What is
the most likely cause of Enrique’s illness?
A) lack of thyroxine
B) marasmus
C) kwashiorkor
D) iron-deficiency anemia
Which of the following is an example of a social convention?
A) a couple’s decision to not have any children
B) a rule that forbids pets in a city zoo
C) the right to free speech that is guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution
D) placing a napkin on your lap at meals
As children’s understanding of morality becomes more complex, they regard violations
of purposeful conventions
A) as dependent on individuals’ intentions.
B) as closer to moral transgressions.
C) to be less important than random convention transgressions.
D) as the linkage to immoral beliefs.
Rami comes from a poverty-stricken family and attends Head Start. Which of the
following statements is true about Rami?
A) Rami will show academic benefits throughout his school years.
B) Rami is less likely to be placed in special education or retained in grade.
C) Rami is unlikely to experience any lasting benefits in attitudes and motivation.
D) Rami is unlikely to show any benefits in IQ or achievement tests scores once he
enters kindergarten.
Children in Western nations typically acquire conservation of number, mass, and liquid
sometime between __________ years and of weight between __________ years.
A) 2 and 3; 5 and 6
B) 4 and 6; 7 and 9
C) 6 and 7; 8 and 10
D) 8 and 10; 11 and 12
Gender stereotypes are especially prevalent in
A) countries like Sweden where an “equal roles family model” is emphasized.
B) dual-earner families.
C) middle- and high-SES households.
D) cartoons, music television, TV commercials, and video games.
According to Piaget, preschoolers’ thinking is
A) flexible.
B) rigid.
C) abstract.
D) nonverbal.
Don and Flo have a tense, hostile marriage. They are likely to deal with their children
A) with general indifference, regardless of their children’s behavior.
B) by ignoring positive behaviors and blaming negative behaviors on the other parent.
C) by seeking outside assistance from a mental health agency.
D) with criticism, anger, and punishment.
Which of the following research methods is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?
A) naturalistic observation
B) structured observation
C) ethnography
D) the clinical, or case study, method
Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon’s intelligence test was originally constructed to
A) measure individual differences among children with the same IQ.
B) document developmental improvements in children’s intellectual functioning.
C) identify gifted and talented children who required educational enrichment.
D) identify children with learning problems who needed to be placed in special classes.