Chronic victims of bullying tend to
A) require therapy later in life.
B) have parents who use an uninvolved or permissive child-rearing style.
C) be passive and have overprotecting mothers.
D) be relationally aggressive with peers and adults alike.
Among preschoolers, younger children’s play is
A) more cognitively and socially mature in single-age classrooms than in mixed-aged
classrooms.
B) more cognitively and socially mature in mixed-age classrooms than in single-age
classrooms.
C) often characterized by competition and object assertion.
D) often immature and functional, particularly for boys.
In experiments that tested how best to help children confront peers who made sexist
remarks, which of the following approaches was most successful?
A) teaching children appropriate retorts to sexist remarks and then having them actively
practice with peers
B) modeling gender-equitable interactions for the children
C) reading stories of examples of appropriate responses to sexist remarks, followed by a
discussion of the behaviors and responses
D) instructing children how to use polite requests and persuasion
Which of the following statements is true about magnet schools?
A) They are often located in well-to-do neighborhoods in larger cities.
B) They typically utilize a constructivist classroom.
C) Research on the effectiveness of magnet schools has been inconclusive.
D) Many students are admitted to magnet schools on a lottery basis.
In longitudinal research, mothers rated first-grade __________ as more competent than
__________ at __________, regardless of their child’s actual performance.
A) daughters; sons; science
B) sons; daughters; language arts
C) daughters; sons; math
D) sons; daughters; math
In a study of severely deprived Romanian orphans who were later adopted, those who
had been institutionalized past age 6 months showed
A) average mental test scores by adolescence.
B) serious intellectual defects.
C) little or no catch-up in physical size.
D) no improvement in mental test scores during middle childhood.
What period of human development brings the most rapid time of change?
A) the prenatal period
B) infancy and toddlerhood
C) early childhood
D) adolescence
According to Goldin-Meadow, children who produce speech”gesture mismatches on
addition-based equivalence problems
A) are in a transitional state.
B) have a learning disorder in math computation.
C) employ a trial-and-error approach to problem solving.
D) are less likely to benefit from teaching than children who produce speech”gesture
matches.
Cross-cultural evidence reveals that people around the world
A) associate photographs of different facial expressions with emotions in the same way.
B) use the same responses to express a particular emotion.
C) become freer and more open about emotional expression with age.
D) exhibit similar levels of stranger anxiety in infancy.
Seven-year-old Tim is allowed to eat meals and go to bed whenever he wants, does not
participate in any household chores, and makes most of his own decisions. We can
anticipate that as an adolescent, Tim will most likely
A) show high levels of self-efficacy in school.
B) be highly competitive in both academics and sports activities.
C) be impulsive, disobedient, and rebellious.
D) be independent and responsible, as he was forced to mature at an early age.
In adolescence and adulthood, higher-SES individuals tend to hold more __________
gender-stereotyped views than their lower-SES counterparts.
A) flexible
B) rigid
C) favorable
D) unfavorable
One-year-old Dominic demonstrates a high level of persistence. This temperamental
characteristic correlates with
A) frustration and overreaction.
B) infant mental test scores and preschool IQ.
C) poor social skills.
D) strong interpersonal skills.
In a study of mother”child conversations, mothers who overwhelmingly believed in
gender equality
A) had children who displayed fewer generic utterances than mothers who were gender
stereotyped.
B) purposely worked to instill those ideas in their children while reading storybooks.
C) frequently affirmed children’s stereotypical comments about gender.
D) had children who displayed fewer gender-stereotyped comments in conversations
with their peers.
A researcher would like 8-year-old Andie to participate in a study. Who should have the
final word in deciding whether Andie participates?
A) the researcher
B) Andie
C) Andie’s parents
D) Andie’s teacher
The information-processing approach views the mind as
A) a system for manipulating symbols.
B) a socially constructed structure.
C) the result of stimulus”response associations.
D) a mechanism of genetically programmed behaviors.
Using __________, researchers hope to correct genetic abnormalities by delivering
DNA carrying a functional gene to the cells.
A) gene therapy
B) proteomics
C) ultrafast MRI
D) ultrasound
An increasing number of studies show that playing violent video games
A) is like watching violent TV and increases hostility and aggression.
B) fosters selective attention and spatial abilities.
C) teaches children about the negative consequences of hostility and aggression.
D) is less harmful to children than watching violent TV.
The two most frequently used measures of brain functioning, __________ and
__________, detect electric activity in the cerebral cortex.
A) EEG; fMRI
B) PET; ERPs
C) EEG;ERPs
D) fMRI; NIRS
Children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, who were exposed prenatally to
abnormally high androgen levels,
A) are not consistently more aggressive.
B) are consistently more aggressive.
C) have more frequent displays of excitement, anger, or anxiety.
D) show high levels of relational aggression.
Seventeen-year-old Megan has not seen her father since she was 2 years old. Which of
the following statements is true about such early and prolonged father absence?
A) Megan is more likely than her agemates to choose abstinence.
B) Megan is more likely than her agemates to become a pregnant teen.
C) Megan is less likely than her agemates to engage in frequent sexual activity.
D) Megan is less likely than her agemates to engage in casual sexual relationships.
In the United States, __________ is especially high among low-income ethnic minority
families and affects an estimated 21 percent of U.S. children.
A) marasmus
B) kwashiorkor
C) iron-deficiency anemia
D) food insecurity
Preschoolers’ __________ is/are partly responsible for their restricted narratives.
A) egocentric thinking
B) poor perspective-taking skills
C) limited false-belief understanding
D) limited working memories
Neurobiological methods
A) are affected by inaccurate reporting.
B) help researchers infer the perceptions, thoughts, and emotions of infants.
C) do not show which nervous system structures contribute to individual differences.
D) bring together a wide range of information on one child, including interviews,
observations, and test scores.
Discussions that focus on recognition and mastery issues are typical of
A) boys.
B) girls.
C) teenagers.
D) young adults.
Theorists who emphasize __________ in explaining individual differences typically
stress the importance of __________.
A) early experiences; discontinuity
B) stability; nurture
C) the environment; early experiences
D) context; continuity
When their teacher asks them what a friend is, Bonita and the other preschoolers in her
class will most likely say that a friend is someone
A) “who likes you.”
B) “who makes me laugh when I am depressed.”
C) like “my mommy.”
D) “I can tell my thoughts to.”
Which of the following statements is true about preschoolers and nutrition?
A) Preschoolers have very predictable appetites.
B) Preschoolers’ wariness of new foods is adaptive.
C) Parents should worry if their preschooler’s diet varies in amount eaten from meal to
meal.
D) Preschoolers left to their own devices will naturally consume a balanced diet.
Professor Kinship views the family as a complex set of interacting relationships
influenced by the larger social context. Professor Kinship endorses the __________
perspective of family.
A) ethological
B) dynamic systems
C) social systems
D) behaviorist
Which of the following is a strength of the longitudinal design?
A) It permits investigators to examine relationships between early and later events and
behaviors.
B) It avoids problems of selective attrition, practice effects, and theoretical and
methodological changes in the field.
C) It offers insight into how change occurs.
D) It permits cross-sectional comparisons and reveals cohort effects.
Findings obtained in laboratories often have limited
A) inter-rater reliability.
B) test”retest reliability.
C) external validity.
D) internal validity.