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Five-year-old Serena ate a cupcake that she knew she was not supposed to have until
after dinner. To avoid punishment, Serena told her mother that the dog ate the cupcake.
Serena's attempt to alter her mother's belief demonstrates
A) learned helplessness.
B) an entity view of ability.
C) antisocial behavior.
D) belief"desire theory of mind.
Rejected children's socially incompetent behaviors often originate in
A) child-care settings.
B) classrooms with poorly trained teachers.
C) a poor fit between the child's temperament and parenting practices.
D) early adolescence.
Research on styles of early language learning suggests that referential-style children
often
A) have parents who use verbal routines designed to support social relationships.
B) have highly sociable personalities.
C) have an especially active interest in exploring objects.
D) spend a lot of time watching people.
During the oral psychosexual stage, if oral needs are not met appropriately, an
individual may develop such habits as
A) extreme messiness and disorder.
B) hostility toward the same-sex parent.
C) sexual promiscuity.
D) fingernail biting and overeating.
Empathy-based guilt reactions are associated with
A) anger, hostility, and future antisocial behavior.
B) stopping harmful actions and repairing damage caused by misdeeds.
C) fearful behavior, particularly toward adults.
D) prosocial behavior in girls and antisocial behavior in boys.
Reign's biological mother died of alcohol poisoning. Reign exhibits slow physical
growth and has short eyelid openings, a thin upper lip, and a flattened philtrum. Reign
probably has
A) fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS).
B) partial fetal alcohol syndrome (p-FAS).
C) alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorder (ARND).
D) brain impairment in a maximum of two areas of functioning.
A field experiment comparing 36 weeks of piano and voice lessons with drama lessons
and a no-lessons control showed that
A) sustained musical experiences can lead to small increases in intelligence that do not
arise from comparable drama lessons.
B) sustained musical experiences can boost performance on spatial but not verbal
abilities.
C) piano, but not voice, lessons can lead to gains in intelligence-test performance.
D) drama lessons can boost intelligence-test performance above and beyond the effects
of music lessons.
Marcus, age 12, wears the same clothes and hairstyle as his best friends at school.
According to Albert Bandura, Marcus is displaying
A) operant conditioning.
B) behavior modification.
C) classical conditioning.
D) observational learning.
Between the ages of 6 and 11,
A) proactive, or instrumental, aggression declines.
B) physical aggression declines, while verbal aggression increases.
C) girls' relational aggression becomes increasingly indirect.
D) teacher- and peer-reported aggression declines.
Angelina is a teenager with high levels of conflict with her parents. When asked by an
online friend to meet in person, Angelina is more likely than her peers to
A) end the online friendship without ever meeting the person face-to-face.
B) ask a sibling or friend to attend the meeting with her.
C) attend the meeting without telling her parents.
D) maintain the online friendship but avoid meeting the person.
To encourage fathers to take more responsibility for child rearing, Sweden has instituted
A) "daddy day care."
B) "daddy leave."
C) "daddy-months."
D) "daddy time."
Which of the following statements is supported by research on reading?
A) Around age 7 or 8, a major shift occurs from "reading to learn" to "learning to read."
B) Children who read aloud fluently without registering meaning know little about
effective reading strategies.
C) Children who receive whole-language instruction are more accurate spellers than
children who are taught phonics only.
D) When reading is kept meaningful, children are motivated to participate in classroom
discussions.
In the United States, the most common approach to controlling pain during labor is the
use of
A) anesthetics.
B) relaxation and breathing techniques.
C) a spinal block.
D) epidural analgesia.
Which of the following mothers is more likely to have a child who is better at
understanding emotions?
A) Beth, who has four children and works full-time
B) Betty, who has a secure attachment bond with her child
C) Bev, who does not frequently talk about feelings or emotions with her child
D) Bettina, who refuses to disagree with her husband in front of her children
The arrival of adolescence adds __________ as a new dimension of self-esteem.
A) physical/athletic ability
B) self-respect
C) popularity
D) close friendship
Preschool and elementary school teachers tend to reinforce
A) "masculine" behavior in boys and "feminine" behavior in girls.
B) assertive behavior in the classroom, particularly between other-sex peers.
C) children of both sexes for "masculine" rather than "feminine" behavior.
D) children of both sexes for "feminine" rather than "masculine" behavior.
Twenty-year-old Neil is asked to observe an infant wearing only a diaper, and is told the
baby is a girl when in fact it is a boy. What traits will Neil most likely use to describe
the baby?
A) firm, strong
B) well-coordinated, hardy
C) delicate, with fine features
D) very alert, perceptive
Before lateralization occurs,
A) if a part of the cortex is damaged, other parts can take over the tasks it would have
handled.
B) each hemisphere controls only one side of the body.
C) damage to a particular region means that abilities controlled by it will be lost
forever.
D) each hemisphere receives sensory information from only one side of the body.
Preschoolers Bob and Bill engage in more make-believe play than Deb and Dawn.
Studies have shown that
A) Deb and Dawn will exhibit more advanced theory-of-mind skills than Bob and Bill.
B) Bob and Bill are more advanced in understanding false belief than Deb and Dawn.
C) Bob and Bill will have more difficulty resolving conflicts with their peers than Deb
and Dawn.
D) Deb and Dawn probably come from large families with many older siblings.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on social and emotional
intelligence?
A) Social and emotional intelligence are unrelated to IQ.
B) Emotional intelligence is positively associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction.
C) Social and emotional intelligence are typically assessed using pencil-and-paper tests.
D) Unlike general intelligence, social and emotional intelligence are not made up of
specific abilities.
Two-year-old Jacqueline says, "Mommy dancing," rather than her usual "Mommy
dance," when her mother starts dancing. The -ing ending is known as a
A) grammatical phoneme.
B) grammatical morpheme.
C) protodeclarative.
D) recast.
Mona's flexible work schedule indirectly enhances her children's development by
allowing her time off for school activities and to care for sick children. This is an
example of interactions within the
A) microsystem.
B) mesosystem.
C) exosystem.
D) macrosystem.
Jinelle is an anxious, fearful preschooler. What can her parents do to foster guilt
reactions and conscience development?
A) Focus more on misbehavior than prosocial behavior.
B) Engage in power assertions.
C) Avoid using mild, patient tactics, as these will reinforce anxious behavior.
D) Use mild patient tactics, such as requests, suggestions, and explanations.
When Vince receives a high test grade, he attributes it to luck; when he receives a low
test grade, he attributes it to not being smart. Vince has developed
A) an incremental view of ability.
B) learned helplessness.
C) a mastery-oriented attribution.
D) conditional achievement motivation.
__________ are below their expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy.
A) Preterm infants
B) Small-for-date infants
C) Infants born after induced labor
D) Infants born at 38 weeks
Which of the following descriptions defines the family in its most common form?
A) a group of people, related by blood, who divide responsibilities, such as child
rearing, food provision, and protection
B) a commitment between two adults who pledge faithfulness to each other
C) a mother giving birth to her children and providing food and shelter until the age of
18
D) an enduring commitment between a man and woman who feed, shelter, and nurture
their children until they reach maturity
Ten-year-old Andrea has an IQ of 130. This means that she
A) performed as well as or better than 98 percent of her same-age peers.
B) scored higher than 98 percent of all children.
C) scored three standard deviations above the mean.
D) performed as well as or better than 84 percent of her same-age peers.
When emotional self-regulation has developed well, young people acquire a sense of
A) entitlement.
B) regulated self-expression.
C) emotional self-efficacy.
D) attachment.
When visiting her grandmother's house, 2-year-old Marta sees a new family photo on
the wall, points to it, and says, "See Marta," to her grandmother. Marta's behavior
indicates that she
A) is aware of self-reflection.
B) is aware of her inner self.
C) has developed self-recognition.
D) has not yet established self-awareness.
Research on private speech suggests that young children
A) are more likely to talk to themselves when tasks are too hard.
B) are more likely to talk to themselves when tasks are appropriately challenging.
C) talk to themselves because they have difficulty taking the perspective of others.
D) with learning and behavior problems rarely use private speech.
Preschoolers' impressive skill at categorization is supported by
A) animistic thinking.
B) their rapidly expanding vocabularies.
C) egocentric tendencies.
D) the use of magical thinking for events they cannot explain.
Donor insemination
A) is often used to overcome female reproductive difficulties.
B) is 70 to 80 percent successful.
C) is sharply restricted in 11 states and the District of Columbia.
D) results in multiple births about 50 percent of the time.
