Because most infant scores do not tap the same dimensions of intelligence assessed in
older children, they are labeled __________ rather than IQs.
A) Fagan scores
B) aptitude scores
C) emotional quotients
D) developmental quotients
Compared with agemates who have siblings, Chinese only children feel more
emotionally secure because
A) government disapproval promotes tension in families with more than one child.
B) Chinese culture is overly focused on the firstborn child.
C) families with two or more children are often stressed by financial hardship.
D) they do not have to contend with sibling rivalry.
By the early school years, children associate power and privilege with __________ and
poverty and inferior status with __________.
A) white people; people of color
B) people of color; white people
C) white males; white females
D) black males; black females
Each time Mr. Chow hides 7-month-old Jana’s doll under her blanket, she retrieves the
toy. When Mr. Chow then hides the doll under a pillow near the blanket, Jana continues
to look under the blanket for the doll. Jana is demonstrating
A) the secondary circular reaction.
B) habituation and recovery.
C) displaced reference.
D) the A-not-B search error.
Amina realistically evaluates her characteristics and competencies, and also has an
attitude of self-acceptance and self-respect. Amina has __________ self-esteem.
A) high
B) low
C) average
D) unrealistic
On an international scale, reading, math, and science performance of U.S. students is
A) higher than that of Japan or Korea.
B) at a high-performing level.
C) the lowest of all industrialized nations.
D) at or below average.
Viewing the child as a thinking moral being who wonders about right and wrong and
searches for moral truth is the approach endorsed by
A) social learning theorists.
B) reinforcement theorists.
C) behaviorists.
D) cognitive-developmental theorists.
Many recent longitudinal studies span only a few months or years to avoid problems
associated with
A) cohort effects.
B) practice effects.
C) theories and methods becoming outdated.
D) biased sampling.
The capacity to use __________ as a flexible symbolic tool improves from the end of
the second into the third year.
A) make-believe
B) language
C) deferred imitation
D) the circular reaction
Research has shown that Broca’s and Wernicke’s areas of the brain
A) are not solely responsible for specific language functions.
B) are solely responsible for language comprehension.
C) cease functioning when the left hemisphere of the cerebral cortex sustains damage.
D) help to support language plasticity in the cerebral cortex.
Children’s earliest moral understanding can be described as
A) an inner propensity to adhere to socially agreed-upon principles.
B) an understanding of intentions.
C) a superficial orientation to physical power and external consequences.
D) extensive moral imperatives.
Ten-month-old Annette is displaying a “mouth-open” smile. This reaction is probably a
response to
A) stimulating play.
B) a parent’s greeting.
C) a friendly stranger.
D) a startling sound.
The SAT is an __________ test, whereas a college professor’s final exam is a(n)
__________ test.
A) achievement; aptitude
B) aptitude; intelligence
C) aptitude; achievement
D) achievement; developmental
According to the dynamic systems perspective,
A) children coordinate separate skills into more effective, emotionally expressive
systems as the central nervous system develops.
B) children’s goals and experiences have only a minimal impact on emotional
development.
C) emotions become clear, well-organized signals by adolescence.
D) infants come into the world with a repertoire of basic and self-conscious emotions.
Which of the following statements is true about the period of the zygote?
A) It lasts from implantation to the eighth week of pregnancy.
B) During this period, the primitive brain and spinal cord appear.
C) During this period, the blastocyst burrows into the uterine lining.
D) It spans the first and second trimester of pregnancy.
Fraternal twins account for 1 in every _____ births in the United States.
A) 60
B) 100
C) 330
D) 500
The reduced time that Western teenagers spend with their families is mostly due to
A) parent”child conflict.
B) rebellion against their parents.
C) the large amount of unstructured time available to them.
D) the large amount of time they spend on cell phones and the Internet.
After seeing two little boys taunt another child on the playground, Najai tells the
teacher that they should make playground rules that protect other people’s rights and
welfare. Najai is requesting a common set of
A) moral imperatives.
B) social conventions.
C) matters of personal choice.
D) moral ideals.
Which of the following statements is supported by research on make-believe play?
A) When adults participate, toddlers’ make-believe play is more elaborate than when
they play alone.
B) In early childhood, make-believe play often occurs with an imaginary companion.
C) In cultures where make-believe play occurs with older siblings rather than with
mothers, the fantasy play of toddlers is hindered.
D) Children are more likely to combine schemes into complex sequences when
engaging in make-believe play with agemates than when they are playing with
caregivers.
__________ is the only industrialized nation without a universal, publicly funded
health-care system,
A) Saudi Arabia
B) Japan
C) The United States
D) The United Kingdom
Today’s new parents in the United States will spend about __________ to rear a child
from birth to age 18.
A) $150,000
B) $220,000
C) $280,000
D) $370,000
The cerebral cortex
A) is the largest brain structure.
B) is the first brain structure to stop growing.
C) accounts for about half of the brain’s weight.
D) contains the smallest number of neurons and synapses.
Research findings suggest that language is __________ teach children about gender
stereotypes and gender roles.
A) a powerful indirect means to
B) the only method to
C) the primary means through which parents
D) not a factor in the way that parents
Convergent thinking contrasts with divergent thinking because it involves
A) a form of intelligence that emphasizes the ability to see relationships among stimuli.
B) the type of cognition emphasized on intelligence tests.
C) mental abilities apparent in the real world but not in testing situations.
D) abstract reasoning and problem-solving abilities.
__________ is strongly associated with 9-month-olds’ formation of an increasingly
context-free memory.
A) Food
B) Talking
C) Punishment
D) Crawling
To be __________, observations and evaluations of people’s actions cannot be unique to
a single observer.
A) internally valid
B) generalizeable
C) reliable
D) externally valid
Findings on the use of relational aggression among girls reveal that
A) they tend to use physical aggression first, and follow up with a relational approach.
B) unlike physical aggression, it is rarely hurtful to the victim.
C) they may use it to protect their status in the social hierarchy.
D) girls with high levels of prenatal androgens engage in higher levels of relational
aggression.
Mr. Garcia is often impatient and uses harsh discipline with his 4-year-old son, Liam.
Liam, in turn, is aggressive and rebellious. This example illustrates a(n) __________
influence on development.
A) direct
B) indirect
C) third-party
D) temporal
Research on identity development has shown that
A) diffused young people report the lowest levels of parental support and warm, open
communication.
B) young people who lack confidence in the prospect of ever knowing anything with
certainty tend to be foreclosed.
C) young people in moratorium usually have close bonds with parents, but lack
opportunities for healthy separation.
D) young people in moratorium assume that absolute truth is always attainable.
_________ of all deaf children have hearing parents who are not fluent in sign
language.
A) Very few
B) One-third
C) Half
D) The vast majority
Compared to American preschoolers, Chinese preschoolers are
A) more likely to reject reticent classmates.
B) more aggressive during make-believe play.
C) encouraged to be independent and assertive.
D) more likely to include a quiet, reserved child in play.
Researchers believe that Guatemalan Mayan children were better able to remember the
placement of 40 familiar objects in a play scene than their U.S. agemates because
Mayan children
A) were more adept at relying on techniques such as spatial location and arrangement
of objects.
B) have better memory skills in practical, everyday situations.
C) have better long-term memory.
D) applied elaboration more effectively.
Professor Cortez believes that development is largely due to nature. Professor Cortez
would argue that
A) early intervention is of supreme importance for economically at-risk children.
B) environmental factors have a greater impact on development than genetic factors.
C) offering high-quality stimulation in infancy and toddlerhood is vital for favorable
development.
D) providing experiences aimed at promoting change is of little value.