Which of the following examples shows how children attend to schema-inconsistent
information?
A) Alison sees a picture of a female firefighter but recalls the firefighter as a male.
B) Connor plays with highly attractive toys, even when they are labeled for the opposite
gender.
C) When given a doll, Isabelle is more likely to explore and learn more about it.
D) When given a doll, Robert is more likely to play with it if no one is watching.
In dual-earner families, the father’s __________ is crucial to the emotional health of the
mother.
A) earning potential
B) attitude toward career-oriented women
C) work schedule
D) willingness to share child-care responsibilities
Virtually all researchers agree that parents can lessen older babies’ need to cry by
A) providing a multitude of engaging activities for them.
B) surrounding them with a variety of visually stimulating toys.
C) encouraging more mature ways of expressing their desires.
D) placing them in group child care in early infancy.
Three-year-old Kaylee wet her bed one night. In the morning, her mother said, “Wetting
the bed is bad. I thought you were a good girl.” Kaylee’s self-evaluation is most
strongly influenced by her
A) mother’s feedback.
B) maturity level.
C) culture.
D) gender.
Ben and Frank have a close companionship where each enjoys and wants to be with the
other. Their relationship can be classified as a
A) dominance hierarchy.
B) peer group.
C) friendship.
D) clique.
Which of the following tasks measures divergent thinking?
A) taking a true/false quiz
B) mentally rotating abstract figures
C) repeating strings of letters and numbers
D) naming uses for common objects, such as a newspaper
In Piaget’s theory, children move through four stages
A) during which their exploratory behaviors transform into logical and abstract
intelligence.
B) not always in a sequential manner, depending on the children’s innate intelligence.
C) sequentially at a rate observed in children everywhere.
D) in which different cognitive skills follow unique courses of development.
Which of the following statements is true about anoxia during labor and delivery?
A) Rh factor incompatibility can lead to anoxia.
B) The effects of mild to moderate anoxia disappear within the first few months of life.
C) When development is severely impaired, anoxia is probably not the cause.
D) It occurs during the birth process, not during labor.
Which of the following statements is true about age differences in children’s research
risks?
A) Young children are more susceptible than older children to procedures that threaten
the way they view themselves.
B) Adolescents may be better than younger children at sizing up and rejecting
researchers’ deceptive evaluations.
C) Receiving false negative feedback tends to be more stressful for very young children
than for school-age children.
D) Children in middle childhood, but not adolescents or young children, feel external
pressure to continue with a study.
Which of the following children is at greatest risk for aggressive and antisocial
conduct?
A) Ralph, an irritable and impulsive child
B) Raja, a sociable and assertive child
C) Rhett, a shy and fearful child
D) Rufus, an only child
Which of the following questions is most likely to appear first in a young child’s
speech?
A) “Where Mommy hiding?”
B) “Why is Sally sad?”
C) “Daddy go work?”
D) “What you are eating?”
Hillary is seven months pregnant. She has not yet stopped smoking. If she stops now,
she can immediately reduce the risk that her infant will
A) smoke in the future.
B) be born with physical defects.
C) be born underweight.
D) have a flattened philtrum.
The World Health Organization recommends breastfeeding until age
A) 6 months.
B) 12 months.
C) 18 months.
D) 2 years.
Which of the following behaviors is characteristic of infants in Piaget’s sensorimotor
Substage 2?
A) a baby who drops toys down the steps in varying ways
B) a baby who accidentally makes a smacking noise while eating and later tries to
reproduce the sound
C) a baby who can push aside a cover to retrieve a hidden toy
D) a baby who accidentally hits a toy hung in front of her and then tries to repeat this
effect
In the store model of the information-processing system, we use mental strategies to
A) direct the flow by coordinating information coming from the environment with
information already in the system.
B) refer to networks of concepts and relations that permit us to think about a wide range
of situations in more advanced ways.
C) prevent internal and external distracting stimuli from capturing our attention and
cluttering working memory with irrelevant information.
D) operate on and transform information, increasing the chances that we will retain it,
use it efficiently, and think flexibly.
In the past decade, wars have left _____ million children physically disabled and _____
million homeless.
A) 1; 6
B) 2; 8
C) 3; 10
D) 6; 20
According to fuzzy-trace theory, we have a bias toward gist memory compared to literal
versions because it
A) interferes with cognitive processing.
B) decays more rapidly.
C) requires less space in working memory.
D) is less likely to undergo constructive processing.
During a __________ task, 4-year-old Vanessa is asked whether there are more oranges
or fruits in a group of two apples, three bananas, and five oranges. She will most likely
say that there are more __________.
A) class inclusion; fruits
B) class inclusion; oranges
C) conservation-of-number; fruits
D) conservation-of-number; oranges
Five-year-old Juan notices that a peer is having difficulty carrying a stack of books to
her desk. Juan is likely to
A) move right in and give assistance, regardless of whether it is desired.
B) ignore the peer and reject her request for help.
C) laugh at the peer as she struggles to carry the books.
D) offer assistance and demand a reward for helping.
Seven-year-old Moses, who has experienced extreme emotional deprivation, has
decreased GH secretion, very short stature, immature skeletal age, and serious
adjustment problems. Moses may be suffering from
A) growth faltering.
B) psychosocial dwarfism.
C) iron-deficiency anemia.
D) food insecurity.
In classrooms where children’s native language and English are integrated into the
curriculum, minority children tend to
A) exhibit more frustration, boredom, and withdrawal.
B) experience serious academic difficulties.
C) revert to using only their native language.
D) acquire reading and speaking skills in the second language more easily.
Diane’s mother threatens to punish her or gives her the silent treatment when Diane
does something wrong. This approach
A) is more effective than induction, particularly when used with younger children.
B) makes Diane feel anxious and unable to think clearly enough to figure out what she
should do.
C) promotes Diane’s compliance and prosocial behavior.
D) helps Diane learn to internalize moral norms.
Wally is especially good at generating novel solutions when presented with difficult
problems. Sternberg’s triarchic theory would rate Wally as high in __________
intelligence.
A) practical
B) traditional
C) analytical
D) creative
Self-conscious emotions
A) appear in the middle of the first year.
B) are universal in humans and other primates.
C) involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.
D) predict academic achievement during adolescence.
Which of the following explains the marked differences in temperament between Asian
and Caucasian-American babies?
A) cultural variations in infant feeding
B) heredity
C) different beliefs about harsh discipline
D) different cultural beliefs and practices
Which of the following is an accurate finding of the Bucharest Early Intervention
Project?
A) Foster placement is no better than institutionalization.
B) The later the foster placement, the better the outcome.
C) To be maximally effective, intensive intervention must begin early.
D) The institutional-care group exceeded the foster-care group in perception of
emotional expression.
Which of the following situations would be considered an excellent context for early
learning about emotions?
A) parallel play with a peer
B) make-believe play with siblings
C) solitary play
D) functional play with a new playmate
Haruko scores high on both masculine and feminine personality characteristics. Haruko
is displaying
A) a gender stereotype.
B) gender-atypicality.
C) gender congruence.
D) androgyny.
Abu is a gender-atypical child who feels intense pressure to conform to his gender role.
Abu is likely to display
A) gains in self-esteem during middle childhood.
B) “feminine” behavior at home and “masculine” behavior with his peers.
C) aggressive, acting-out behaviors.
D) characteristics such as withdrawal, sadness, and anxiety.
Dr. Ramirez examined 100 brother”sister pairs for 10 minutes each, noting on a
checklist the behaviors that occurred during 20 thirty-second intervals. This is an
example of
A) event sampling.
B) time sampling.
C) a naturalistic observation.
D) a genetic experiment.
Ensuring that samples, tasks, and contexts for conducting research represent the
real-world people and situations that the investigator aims to understand is key to
A) inter-rater reliability.
B) test”retest reliability.
C) internal validity.
D) external validity.
In one study, prenatal levels of the androgen hormone testosterone,
A) contributed to the tendency to evaluate members of one’s own sex more negatively
during adolescence.
B) showed little or no correlation to gender-stereotypical behavior of either gender
during the school years.
C) positively predicted “masculine”-style play in both boys and girls when they were
followed up during middle childhood.
D) predicted which males would withdraw from other males who initiated rough,
physical play.
Piaget’s famous __________ demonstrates preoperational children’s difficulty with
__________.
A) three-mountains problem; dual representation
B) three-mountains problem; hierarchical classification
C) class inclusion task; hierarchical classification
D) class inclusion task; dual representation
__________ causes girls to do worse than their abilities allow on difficult math
problems.
A) Peer pressure
B) Stereotype threat
C) Inferior spatial reasoning
D) Lack of high-quality instruction
Individuals around the world are about _____ percent genetically identical.
A) 10
B) 33.3
C) 55
D) 99.1