Siegler’s model of strategy choice
A) reveals that most children follow one approach to problem solving.
B) fails to explain diversity and continuous change in children’s thinking.
C) primarily utilizes cross-sectional and longitudinal studies.
D) captures periods of high variability in children’s strategy use.
__________ is especially useful for studying behaviors that investigators rarely have an
opportunity to see in everyday life.
A) Structured observation
B) Naturalistic observation
C) The structured interview
D) The clinical, or case study, method
High levels of organization at retrieval suggest that very knowledgeable children’s
recall of items in their area of expertise is
A) based largely on verbatim memory.
B) automatic.
C) the result of their exceptional metacognitive skills.
D) based largely on gist memory.
Heritability estimates
A) reveal that genetic factors are unimportant in personality.
B) are controversial measures because they can easily be misapplied.
C) show a strong role of heredity in antisocial behavior and major depression.
D) give precise information on how children respond to environments designed to
maximize development.
Which of the following statements is true about kangaroo care?
A) It has been shown to be beneficial to the mother, but not to the baby.
B) It involves placing the infant in a horizontal position near the parent’s stomach.
C) It is used often in nonindustrialized nations instead of hospital care.
D) It fosters improved oxygenation of the baby’s body.
Which of the following statements is true about maternal smoking and ADHD
symptoms as viewed through the epigenetic framework?
A) The majority of children prenatally exposed to nicotine are at high risk for learning
and behavior problems.
B) The DD genotype is present in only 10 percent of children prenatally exposed to
nicotine.
C) The DD genotype is present in only 10 percent of children with little or no prenatal
nicotine exposure.
D) There is no correlation between prenatal nicotine exposure and ADHD symptoms.
Mr. and Mrs. Dismuke live with their two children, Mrs. Dismuke’s parents, and Mr.
Dismuke’s uncle. All of these people make up
A) a stepfamily.
B) a blended family.
C) the nuclear family unit.
D) an extended-family household.
Avery is able to monitor her own conduct, constantly adjusting it as circumstances
present opportunities to violate inner standards. Avery has developed the capacity for
A) moral self-regulation.
B) postconventional thought.
C) induction.
D) ideal reciprocity.
The term ____________ applies better to human development than the strict notion of a
critical period.
A) resilience
B) discontinuity
C) sensitive period
D) equilibrium
Accordingly to Jean Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory, children
A) actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world.
B) acquire new social values as sexual instincts die down.
C) gradually become more selective in what they imitate.
D) develop within a complex system of relationships affected by multiple levels of the
surrounding environment.
What is one simple intervention that both low-SES and high-SES parents can
implement to reduce adjustment difficulties in their children?
A) Attend school-sponsored activities together.
B) Eat dinner with their children.
C) Engage in community-sponsored counseling sessions.
D) Work with their children on a volunteer service project.
Many studies indicate that attending integrated classrooms leads to
A) poor self-esteem among ethnic minority students.
B) lower academic achievement, educational attainment, and occupational aspirations
among ethnic minority students.
C) higher academic achievement, educational attainment, and occupational aspirations
among ethnic minority students.
D) identity confusion among biracial students.
Research on the extent to which adult communication helps children correct errors and
take the next grammatical step forward shows that such techniques
A) are actually negative in outcome because children become overly frustrated.
B) make no demonstrable difference in grammar development.
C) are inconclusive in their impact.
D) are dramatic in effect across cultures.
Since college serves as a “developmental testing ground,” a time for devoting full
attention to exploring alternative values, roles, and behaviors, many students enter the
cognitive developmental stage of
A) postformal thought.
B) postmoral justification.
C) ethical dilemmas.
D) experience-dependent brain growth.
Symptoms of depression
A) in children are easily detected by adults.
B) occur twice as often in teenage girls as boys.
C) are similar for teenage boys and girls.
D) are more obvious in boys than in girls.
Research suggests that to produce lasting gains in mental-test scores using music,
interventions must
A) begin in infancy.
B) begin before birth.
C) be long-lasting and involve children’s active participation.
D) occur during REM sleep.
During a conservation-of-water problem, Wanda recognizes that a change in the height
of the water is compensated for by a change in its width. This example demonstrates
that Wanda is capable of
A) seriation.
B) decentration.
C) reversibility.
D) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
Which of the following types of media multitasking do U.S. teenagers report engaging
in most frequently?
A) watching television while listening to music and doing homework
B) listening to music while doing homework
C) talking on the phone while surfing the Internet
D) text-messaging while doing homework
Moral maturity is positively correlated with
A) popularity.
B) egocentrism.
C) IQ.
D) political aspirations.
Thurstone questioned the importance of g because
A) boys and girls performed differently on his intelligence test.
B) he noticed that children scored similarly on sets of similar test items.
C) he noticed that children high in intelligence passed and failed similar test items.
D) his factor analysis indicated that separate, unrelated factors exist.
Vi, age 12, is taller and heavier than her mother was at her age, and Vi’s mother was
taller and heavier than Vi’s grandmother was at age 12. This is an example of the
A) velocity curve.
B) proximodistal trend.
C) cephalocaudal trend.
D) secular trend.
Research shows that kindergarteners’ and first graders’ engagement in peer conversation
and games during recess
A) resulted in an increase of incidents of children being excluded.
B) predicted gains in academic achievement.
C) led to an increase in prosocial behaviors.
D) led to increased incidence of disruptive classroom behaviors.
Programmed cell death
A) is the result of maternal drug or alcohol use during pregnancy.
B) often results in permanent mental retardation.
C) primarily occurs in unstimulated regions of the brain.
D) makes room for the formation of new synapses.
Kohlberg emphasized that it is the __________, not the __________ that determines
moral judgment maturity when presented with the Heinz dilemma.
A) way an individual reasons about the dilemma; content of the response
B) content of the response; way an individual reasons about the dilemma
C) final outcome; way in which that outcome was achieved
D) emotional reaction to the dilemma; justification of the response
Studies of unmarried mothers show that
A) they tend to wait for marriage before having additional children.
B) most are motivated to complete high school in an effort to better the lives of their
children.
C) lack of material resources greatly reduces the likelihood of earning a high school
diploma.
D) their children are less likely to become adolescent parents.
Infants with severe visual impairments are not motivated to move independently until
A) “reaching on sound” is achieved.
B) their parents push them to do so.
C) they have received extensive orientation and mobility training.
D) they receive vision correction through eyeglasses or surgery.
Since the 1954 U.S. Supreme Court Brown v. Board of Education decision ordering
schools to desegregate, school integration has
A) been detrimental to both majority and minority student achievement.
B) been successfully achieved in most school districts in the United States.
C) receded since the late 1980s.
D) mostly eliminated the racial divide in U.S. education.
According to Andrew Meltzoff, newborns
A) do not actually imitate; their responses are actually mouthing.
B) have an automatic imitative capacity that declines with age.
C) imitate much as older children and adults do.
D) cannot yet imitate facial expressions.
Preschoolers who were highly fearful as 2-year-olds score slightly __________ their
agemates in __________ as 4-year-olds.
A) better than; effortful control
B) below; effortful control
C) better than; positive affect
D) below; fearful distress
Miss Kennelly shows 14- and 18-month-olds broccoli and crackers. She acts delighted
with the taste of the broccoli but disgusted with the taste of the crackers. When asked to
share the food, which of the following is the most likely to occur?
A) Fourteen-month-old Reese, who prefers crackers to broccoli, will offer Miss
Kennelly broccoli.
B) Fourteen-month-old Jake, who prefers broccoli to crackers, will offer Miss Kennelly
crackers.
C) Eighteen-month-old Gina, who prefers crackers to broccoli, will offer Miss Kennelly
broccoli.
D) Eighteen-month-old Samuel, who prefers crackers to broccoli, will offer Miss
Kennelly crackers.
According to Vygotsky, __________ is necessary for children to acquire the ways of
thinking and behaving that make up a community’s culture.
A) social interaction
B) reinforcement
C) discipline
D) independence
Which of the following statements is true about muscle”fat makeup?
A) Body fat reaches a peak at about 9 months of age.
B) At birth, boys have slightly more body fat than girls.
C) During the early school years, boys have slightly more body fat than girls.
D) During puberty, the arm and leg fat of boys increases.