__________ affects about 25 percent of infants and children worldwide and interferes
with many central nervous system processes.
A) Marasmus
B) Kwashiorkor
C) Iron-deficiency anemia
D) Food insecurity
Personality, child-rearing practices, peer interaction, schooling, and aspects of culture
affect maturity of moral reasoning
A) in older adolescents and emerging adults but not children.
B) by presenting cognitive challenges, which stimulate young people to think about
moral problems in more complex ways.
C) in individualistic but not collectivist societies, where moral reasoning tends to be
delayed.
D) by teaching individuals to follow their intuition instead of simply abiding by what
adults tell them.
The most frequent expression of fear is
A) stranger anxiety.
B) the fear of falling.
C) the fear of unfamiliar objects and toys.
D) separation anxiety.
If Ebony is excluded from her peer group, she
A) will probably concentrate more on her schoolwork.
B) may turn to a more popular group for acceptance and support.
C) will easily find another peer group with interests similar to her own.
D) may find it difficult to join other groups if her previous behavior toward them was
hostile.
__________ permits greater control over the research situation than does __________.
A) Naturalistic observation; the clinical, or case study, method
B) Structured observation; naturalistic observation
C) Naturalistic observation; a structured interview
D) Naturalistic observation; a questionnaire
The Strange Situation measures
A) the quality of attachment.
B) Bowlby’s phases of attachment.
C) infant temperament.
D) the stability of attachment.
Parents with __________ are more likely to engage in practices that heighten TV
viewing, including eating family meals in front of the set and failing to limit children’s
TV access.
A) higher incomes
B) limited education
C) more than one child
D) authoritative child-rearing styles
By tenth grade, _____ percent of young people have tried drinking and _____ percent
have tried at least one illegal drug.
A) 10; 22
B) 25; 14
C) 46; 40
D) 59; 38
Baby Samantha adjusts her arm and hand movements to match the distance of objects
from her eyes. Samantha is demonstrating
A) shape sensitivity.
B) contrast sensitivity.
C) pictorial depth perception.
D) binocular depth perception.
Dr. Winsock often designs flowcharts to map the precise steps that her research
participants use to solve problems and complete tasks, much like the plans devised by
programmers to get computers to perform a series of “mental operations.” Dr. Winsock
probably subscribes to which of the following theories of development?
A) psychoanalytic perspective
B) information-processing approach
C) social-cognitive approach
D) ecological systems theory
Traditional behaviorists like John Watson believed that __________ is the supreme
force in development.
A) environment
B) heredity
C) sexuality
D) early experience
Throughout adolescence, the __________ is the single most consistent predictor of
mental health.
A) development of a friendship between parent and child
B) use of coregulation
C) level of autonomy achieved
D) quality of the parent”child relationship
Once a dominance hierarchy is established,
A) hostility is rare.
B) hostility increases.
C) antisocial behavior emerges.
D) cliques begin to form.
Unlike Piaget, Vygotsky believed that
A) language often distracts children from thinking about mental activities and behavior.
B) egocentric speech interferes with children’s attempts at constructing knowledge.
C) children discover virtually all knowledge about the world through their own activity.
D) language provides the foundation for all higher cognitive processes.
Case’s neo-Piagetian theory attributes movement from one stage to the next to increases
in the efficiency with which children use their limited
A) metacognition.
B) cognitive self-regulation.
C) working-memory capacity.
D) phonological awareness.
Hans has chosen to major in biochemistry during college. As he takes classes he will
embark on __________ in which he reflects on his motivation, performance, and career
prospects in this field.
A) relativistic thinking
B) a broad exploration of options
C) an in-depth evaluation
D) dualistic thinking
One concern about surrogate motherhood is that it
A) poses a greater risk than natural conception to infant survival and healthy
development.
B) may promote exploitation of financially needy women.
C) is a dangerous step toward selective breeding.
D) is too heavily regulated.
Baby Rina, who is still developing the expertise at motor skills necessary for the search
task, is more likely to make the A-not-B search error because
A) she does not yet understand object permanence.
B) her short attention span prevents her from thinking beyond A.
C) her reaching scheme is limited to reflexive actions.
D) she has little attention left to focus on inhibiting her habitual reach toward A in favor
of B.
Recent evidence indicates that most children
A) do not experience a significant vocabulary spurt until they enter kindergarten, when
vocabulary increases by 50 to 100 words per week.
B) experience a vocabulary spurt during the toddler years, learning as many as 5 to 10
new words per day.
C) experience a vocabulary spurt between ages 7 and 8, learning between 50 and 100
new words per day.
D) show a steady, continuous increase in rate of word learning throughout the preschool
years, adding as many as nine new words per day.
Marita is an African-American child who was adopted into an economically well-off
white family when she was a baby. Findings from several adoption studies predict that
Marita will
A) have an IQ considerably below that of white children growing up in similar families.
B) attain a mean IQ 20 to 30 points higher than the typical scores of children growing
up in low-income black communities.
C) experience a 20- to 30-point drop in IQ between early childhood and adolescence.
D) remain below the national average in IQ throughout childhood and adolescence.
Some researchers claim that young babies respond in kind to others’ emotions through a
built-in, automatic process of
A) emotional contagion.
B) habituation and recovery.
C) operant conditioning.
D) social referencing.
Cross-cultural research on moral behavior shows that
A) children in Western cultures demonstrate greater moral maturity than children in
non-Western cultures.
B) Chinese and Japanese young people say that adults always have the right to interfere
in their personal matters.
C) American young people say that adults always have the right to interfere in their
personal matters.
D) children and adolescents in diverse Western and non-Western cultures use similar
criteria to reason about moral, social-conventional, and personal concerns.
Parents start to socialize their children in earnest during
A) the first year, when babies can interact socially.
B) the second year, when toddlers are first able to comply with their directives.
C) the preschool years, when children start formal schooling.
D) early adolescence, when peer pressure is strongest.
Which of the following statements is true regarding the quality of child care in the
United States?
A) It is affected by a macrosystem of collectivist values and strict government
regulation.
B) Many parents think that their children’s child-care experiences are higher in quality
than they really are.
C) Federal and state subsidies meet the needs for the provision of high-quality
child-care in most areas.
D) About 80 to 85 percent of U.S. child-care centers meet standards for
developmentally appropriate practice.
Research shows that __________ strongly motivate(s) use of memory strategies.
A) interactions between peers and siblings
B) parental pressure to excel in school
C) experience with Piagetian tasks
D) tasks requiring children to remember isolated bits of information
Four-year-old Clarissa realizes that when the class talks about fish during circle time,
her friend Amy feels sad because her fish died recently. Clarissa puts her arm around
Amy’s shoulders and pats her. Clarissa has reached a stage of cognitive development
where
A) she uses social referencing to comfort Amy.
B) she realizes that thinking and feeling are interconnected.
C) she becomes overwhelmed by others’ distress.
D) internal explanations for emotional reactions are emphasized more than external
explanations.
According to Freud, the superego strengthens during the __________ stage.
A) oral
B) anal
C) phallic
D) latency
Observations from the Mayan culture indicate that
A) children who spend little time in pretend play are socially delayed.
B) sociodramatic play is not a critical component of social development in most
societies.
C) sociodramatic play is only critical for social development in nonindustrialized
cultures.
D) sociodramatic play may be less crucial in cultures where children participate in adult
activities from an early age.
Piaget regarded peer disagreements as especially facilitating in the development of
A) morality of cooperation.
B) realism.
C) heteronomous morality.
D) inductive discipline.
Which of the following academic subjects does 9-year-old Sabra most likely view as
“feminine”?
A) mathematics
B) social studies
C) science
D) reading
Which of the following children will most likely describe himself in terms of
individualistic traits, such as personal preferences, interests, skills, and opinions?
A) Guang, who lives in China
B) Galeno, who lives in Puerto Rico
C) Gibson, who lives in the United States
D) Goro, who lives in Japan
Task-focused motivation
A) focuses on extrinsic rewards like grades or prizes.
B) is necessary for creativity.
C) often impairs performance.
D) is detrimental to creativity.
The two main designs used in all research on human behavior are __________ and
__________.
A) correlational; coefficient
B) correlational; experimental
C) dependent; independent
D) laboratory; field experiments