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In the dark, the photoreceptors release an inhibitory neurotransmitter that prohibits bipolar neurons from exciting ganglion neurons. Astrocytes play an important role in regulation of blood flow in the brain. Answer: TRUE Oxidizing agents accept electrons from molecules undergoing reduction. […]

In the formation of acetic acid from pyruvic acid, the oxygen in the carbon dioxide comes from oxygen gas. Gastric hydrochloric acid secretion is regulated through both negative and positive feedback mechanisms. Answer: TRUE The charge difference across a membrane […]

Which of the following would be found in normal somatic cells of women but not men? A.an X chromosome B.a Y chromosome C.a Barr body D.22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes What chemical is released by neutrophils that produces pus at […]

Light is refracted the most by the A.cornea. B.aqueous humor. C.lens. D.vitreous humor. The movement of semen into the urethra is called A.emission. B.erection. C.ejaculation. D.ovulation. Answer: A. Over-secretion of growth hormone in children causes A.acromegaly. B.pituitary cachexia. C.gigantism. D.myxedema. […]

The cerebellar influence on motor activity is excitatory. Cholesterol and AIDS viruses are taken into cells by receptor-mediated endocytosis. Answer: TRUE Autonomic motor pathways utilize two neurons while somatic motor pathways utilize one neuron. Answer: TRUE The guarding reflex prevents […]

____________ is an acetylcholinesterase antagonist used to treat myasthenia gravis. A. Neostigmine B. Muscarine C. Naloxone D. Nitric oxide What ion is released by the fertilized egg that prevents polyspermy? A.Na+ B.K+ C.Cl— D.Ca2+ Answer: D. Within the blood vessels, […]

Regeneration of CNS axons may be prevented in part by inhibitory proteins in the membranes of the A. myelin sheath. B. neurons. C. astrocytes. D. satellite cells. Which ion’s movements is responsible for repolarization? A. influx of K+ B. influx […]

Which transporters in the proximal tubule are polyspecific and transport small molecules of drugs and toxins to the ultrafiltrate? A.water transporters B.renal aquaporins C.organic anion transporters D.toxiporins Cardiovascular changes resulting from moderate exercise include A.increased total peripheral resistance. B.increased blood […]

At rest, most blood is within the venous system. T cells have receptors for antigens and will bind to free antigens like B cells. Answer: FALSE The platelet release reaction is initiated by platelets binding to exposed collagen in a […]

The maternal contribution to the placenta is the A.decidua basalis. B.chorion frondosum. C.chorionic villi. D.yolk sac. Protein carrier mediated transport of molecules display A. specificity. B. competition. C. saturation. D. All apply. Answer: D. Which of the following is NOT […]

Destruction of which cell type in the fetus would affect adipocyte number in the adult? A.myoblasts B.neuroblasts C.epiblasts D.fibroblasts Expanded blood volume stimulates stretch receptors in the atria of the heart causing increased secretion of A.atrial natriuretic peptide. B.aldosterone. C.epinephrine. […]

During skeletal muscle contraction, adjacent _________ are pulled closer together as the _______ between them shorten. A. A bands; I bands B. I bands; A bands C. Z disks; A bands D. Z disks; M lines Transmission of thermal sensations […]

Ketosis A.occurs when stored fats are rapidly degraded by the body. B.stimulates an increased blood pH. C.may lead to alkalosis. D.occurs as the concentration of ketones in the urine decreases. What enzyme is needed to prevent excessive accumulation of hydrogen […]

Cycles of physiological activity that follow a 24-hour pattern are called A.circadian rhythms. B.biomemetic rhythms. C.psychological rhythms. D.cerebral rhythms. Conn’s syndrome results in hypokalemia and A. metabolic alkalosis. B. metabolic acidosis. C. loss of H+. D. Both metabolic alkalosis and […]

Receptor-mediated endocytosis would allow cells to selectively remove molecules from the extracellular fluid. Closure of the atrioventricular valves occurs at the end of diastole/beginning of systole. Answer: TRUE The same prostaglandin may produce different effects in different tissues. Answer: TRUE […]

The placental hormone which stimulates glucose sparing by maternal tissues is A.chorionic somatomammotropin. B.chorionic gonadotropin. C.progesterone. D.estrogen. Phagocytosis is important for A. body defense against foreign organic matter. B. promoting inflammation. C. removal of old and dying cells. D. All […]

Triglycerides are remade in intestinal epithelial cells before combining with proteins to form chylomicrons. Conduction without decrement means that action potentials transmitted down an axon will not decrease in amplitude. Answer: TRUE Sensory impulses associated with crude touch and pressure […]

An atom or molecule that is oxidized is also a reducing agent. Active enzymes are often called zymogens. Answer: FALSE Parasympathetic stimulation increases the rate of passage of material in the small intestine. Answer: TRUE Hydrogen bonds form between the […]

The dorsal respiratory group in the medulla oblongata is involved with A.inspiration. B.expiration. C.breathing rhythm. D.both inspiration and expiration. The first step in the scientific method involves the formation of a(n) A.theory. B.law. C.experiment. D.hypothesis. Answer: D. Antihistamines would limit […]

The inability to chew would be associated with damage to the ophthalmic division of the trigeminal nerve. Preload is the amount of blood in the ventricles right before they begin to contract. Answer: TRUE Pulmonary blood pressure is higher than […]

Retrograde axonal transport may be responsible for movement of herpes virus, rabies virus, and tetanus toxin from nerve terminals to the cell body. Fibers that secrete norepinephrine are called adrenergic fibers. Answer: TRUE The neurons from the hypothalamus secrete chemicals […]

Vital capacity is reduced in pulmonary restrictive disorders. Sympathetic stimulation promotes an overall increase in blood flow resistance. Answer: TRUE During the absorptive state, catabolic reactions are favored over anabolic reactions. Answer: FALSE Ghrelin is postulated to be important as […]

B lymphocytes are responsible for cell-mediated immunity. The primarily hydrophilic leader sequence of secretory proteins allows it to be inserted into the cisterna of the endoplasmic reticulum. Answer: FALSE[/cpmembership] Pseudopods can be used for both amoeboid movement and phagocytosis. Answer: […]

The reabsorption of Na+ in the proximal tubule creates an osmotic gradient for the diffusion of _____ to occur. A.Cl– B.H2O C.K+ D.All of the choices are correct. Which type of cone responds to short wavelengths of 420nm? A.blue cones […]

Which of the following is NOT a function of intestinal microbiota? A.production of B vitamins B.ferment indigestible contents of the chyme C.production of vitamin K D.hydrolyze proteins Systole refers to the ______ of the heart. A.relaxation B.filling C.contraction D.blood flow […]

Cardiogenic shock can result from A.myocardial infarction. B.increased cardiac output. C.increased sympathetic outflow to the heart. D.parasympathetic antagonists. The rate of diffusion is influenced by A. the concentration gradient. B. membrane permeability. C. membrane surface area. D. All apply. Answer: […]

Insulin secretion is stimulated by _____________ blood glucose concentrations. A.increased B.decreased C.unchanged Each somatic motor neuron with all the muscle fibers it innervates is a A.fascicle. B.varicosity. C.motor unit. D.sarcolemma. Answer: C. To go through glycolysis, _________ ATP per glucose […]

Destruction of the pancreatic beta-cells would result in A.Cushing’s disease. B.Grave’s disease. C.diabetes mellitus. D.diabetes insipidus. The renal plasma clearance of a substance that is filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted is ___ the GFR. A.greater than B.less than C.equal […]

Lipophilic hormones and thyroid hormone are transported to their target cells free in the plasma. Conduction deafness occurs due to loss of hair cells in the cochlea. Answer: FALSE Insertion of ______________ in the muscle cell membrane increases cellular glucose […]

The parasympathetic response to stimulation results in mass activation. Damage to the right motor cortex will generally mean motor problems on the right side of the body. Answer: FALSE Blood would clot more slowly in an individual with 100,000 platelets/mm3. […]

In the Na+/K+ pump, three sodium ions from inside the cell must enter the carrier first. Hypertonic solutions stimulate cellular lysis. Answer: FALSE The main function of the peroxisome is to release energy from food molecules and transform the energy […]

Which of the special senses is most closely linked with the limbic system? A.hearing B.olfaction C.taste D.vision Matrix metalloproteinases A. produce the basal lamina. B. synthesize collagen in the extracellular matrix. C. may be active in invasive cancer cells. D. […]

Which of the following is a layer of the renal corpuscle? A.glomerular visceral epithelium B.glomerular parietal epithelium C.glomerular endothelium D.All of the choices are correct. If PO2 and hemoglobin content of blood is normal, how much oxygen is the blood […]

Which of the following components of energy expenditure is greatest in an average, sedentary adult? A.basal metabolic rate. B.adaptive thermogenesis. C.physical activity. D.None of the choices are correct. The vitamin D derivative calcipotriene is used to treat the skin condition […]

Germinal cells can most likely divide indefinitely due to the activity of an enzyme called A.caspases. B.telomerase. C.DNA polymerase. D.RNA transferase. In smooth muscle cells, ______________ functions in a manner analogous to troponin. A.myoglobin B.calmodulin C.tropomyosin D.titin Answer: B. The […]

Which of the following is NOT true of histamine? A. it is derived from the amino acid histidine B. acts as a hormone that stimulates gastric secretion C. acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain to cause drowsiness D. acts […]

The larger the cross-sectional area of a type of vessel, the higher the blood pressure. Exercise increases the amount of GLUT4 carriers in skeletal muscle. Answer: TRUE Glucagon and cortisol increase lipolysis. Answer: TRUE Cells become more negative during hyperpolarization. […]

Neurohypophyseal secretion of __________ stimulates formation of concentrated urine. A.aldosterone B.renin C.antidiuretic hormone D.angiotensin I The brain and spinal cord comprise the A. central nervous system. B. peripheral nervous system. C. peripheral ganglia. D. spinal nerves. Answer: A. Which of […]

Homeostasis is best described as a static, unchanging state of the internal environment. Blood flow in the brain changes as blood pressure changes. Answer: FALSE Damage to the Sertoli cells would result in the production of antibodies against sperm cells. […]

The _________________ conducts impulses from the AV node to branches which lead to the Purkinje fibers. A.AV valve B.ventricular septum C.AV bundle D.SA node What is produced when two diiodotyrosine molecules couple togther? A. triiodothyronine B. tetriodothyronine C. thyroxine D. […]

FSH is necessary for spermiogenesis to occur. Primary cilia may serve sensory functions such as vision. Answer: TRUE Isoenzymes bind different substrates and catalyze different chemical reactions. Answer: FALSE[/cpmembership] Prolactin injections may be used to induce labor. Answer: Answer: FALSE[/cpmembership] […]

What is the enzyme that converts soluble fibrinogen to insoluble fibrin? A.prothrombin B.thrombin C.thromboplastin D.plasmin “Traveler’s diarrhea” results when A. enterogastrone secretion is inhibited. B. gastrointestinal motility is stimulated by increased parasympathetic outflow. C. guanylin receptors in the ileum and […]

Fast twitch fibers have the greatest resistance to fatigue. In some instances RNA can act as an enzyme. Answer: TRUE The pharynx is a common passageway for the respiratory and digestive systems. Answer: TRUE Melatonin is secreted by the pineal […]

Where is the primary gustatory cortex? A.postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe B.prefrontal cortex C.temporal lobe D.insula Which division of the nervous system innervates involuntary effectors? A. central nervous system B. somatic nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. associative […]

Poisoning the Na+/K+ pump would A. generate a more negative membrane potential. B. increase cellular permeability to Na+. C. inhibit secondary active transport. D. increase cellular permeability to K+. The major plasma protein is A.alpha globulin. B.beta globulin. C.fibrinogen. D.albumin. […]

_______ refer to muscle contractions that produce a shortening muscle with a constant contraction strength at a given load. A. Treppe contractions B. Isotonic contractions C. Twitch contractions D. Isometric contractions Stimulation of the hair cells of the vestibular apparatus […]

An axon will depolarize only if the membrane potential reaches between -70mV and -55mV. This follows the A. All-or-none law. B. recruitment law. C. graduated law. D. threshold law. What structure of a mature follicle is a barrier to sperm […]

Fructose is a ketone. Deletion of the SRY gene would cause male fetuses to develop as females. Answer: TRUE Respiratory acidosis results from hyperventilation. Answer: FALSE The corpus luteum secretes both estradiol and progesterone. Answer: Answer: FALSE Osmosis and simple […]

Gray matter is found only in the cerebral cortex. Communication between the cerebrum and cerebellum is facilitated by the corpus callosum. Answer: FALSE The stomach and small intestines release hormones to help coordinate activities with the autonomic nervous system for […]

How many ova are produced by oogenesis of one oogonia? A.one B.two C.four D.eight Steroid hormone influence on gene expression is known as A. genomic action. B. nongenomic action. C. dimerization. D. translocation. Answer: A. Norepinephrine and epinephrine open ____ […]

Damage to the white matter of the brain would prevent transmission of information between nuclei. The epimysium surrounds the individual muscle cells. Answer: FALSE For a muscle to contract, it must overcome stronger opposing forces. Answer: TRUE GI tract hormones […]

Ablation of the red nucleus prevents communication between the cerebrum and cerebellum and thereby enhances normal motor function. Moderate exercise causes increased visceral organ blood flow. Answer: FALSE Astrocytes can be excited by changes in intracellular Ca2+ concentration. Answer: TRUE […]

Breathing 100% oxygen will NOT A.significantly increase the oxygen delivery to tissues. B.increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells. C.significantly increase the total oxygen content of whole blood. D.both increase the amount of oxygen in red blood cells […]

Insulin secretion is often normal in individuals with type I diabetes mellitus. Solutions containing a high concentration of hydrogen ions would maximally stimulate taste buds for sweet. Answer: FALSE Electrical synapses are functionally linked by tight junctions. Answer: FALSE Lipophilic […]

Simple diffusion is the net diffusion of a solvent. An EPSP is conducted decrementally to the axon hillock, where voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels are opened to created an action potential in the first segment of the axon. Answer: TRUE […]

Insulin promotes cellular uptake of glucose by inserting these channels into plasma membranes. A.uncoupling protein B.glucagon C.Glut4 D.leptin A cell which is actively involved in the detoxification of chemicals would contain large quantities of A.ribosomes. B.mitochondria. C.peroxisomes. D.rough endoplasmic reticulum. […]

What determines how a regulatory molecule influences its target cell? A. polarity and solubility B. solubility and size C. size and polarity D. polarity, solubility, and size Blood clotting requires A.vitamin C. B.vitamin D. C.vitamin K. D.vitamin E. Answer: C. […]

What condition is caused by large amounts of nitrogen dissolving into the blood due to hyperbaric conditions? A.nitrogen narcosis B.oxygen toxicity C.decompression sickness D.emphysema _________ filaments are attached to dense bodies in smooth muscle cells. A.Actin B.Myosin C.Troponin D.Tropomyosin Answer: […]

Which of the following is NOT a molecule of the electron transport system? A.coenzyme Q B.coenzyme A C.flavin mononucleotide (FMN) D.cytochrome b In a complete AV node block, A.no signals pass into the ventricles. B.the atria will be paced by […]

The body’s adipostat works in a negative feedback way to maintain adipose tissue to keep you from losing weight. Nociceptors relay sensory information to the cortex via the lateral spinothalamic tract. Answer: TRUE Carbohydrate molecules have a ratio of twice […]

What is the action of the binding of muscarine to its receptors in the digestive system? A. alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, close them, leading to depolarization. B. alpha subunits bind to K+ channels, open them, leading to hyperpolarization. […]

Antigen-presenting cells are necessary for ____ response to a foreign antigen. A.T lymphocyte B.B lymphocyte C.antibody D.macrophage Passive transport of water is known as A. filtration. B. osmosis. C. facilitated diffusion. D. a water pump. Answer: B. Somatic motor neurons […]

Primary lysosomes consist of digestive enzymes and the contents of a food vacuole. The rate at which GnRH is secreted from the hypothalamus determines whether LH or FSH is secreted from the anterior pituitary. Answer: TRUE Corticosteroids are a type […]